# Regional Scenario List

Scenario_Description:
An earthen channel and ridge on the lower side constructed across the slope, commonly referred to as road bars, kickers, and gully plugs. Typical minor structures are less than 200 feet long, have a maximum height of 5 feet in the gully section and 2.5 feet in the spillway section, and an embankment volume less than 200 cubic yards. The drainage area above an individual structure shall be 15 acres or less. The total area above several structures in series shall be limited to 40 acres or less.

Before:
Soil erosion as a result of gully, rill, or sheet erosion which exceeds "T" from farm fields, range land, earthen roadways, and other locations. Also may be associated with animal feeding operations, with surface or roof runoff to be diverted from potential contamination sources, or contaminated water needing diverted to storage or treatment structures.

After:
Diversion is installed using a backhoe, dozer, or other earth-moving equipment. Field system meets "T", contaminated water or "clean" storm water runoff is diverted away from a contamination source to minimize the volume of runoff that is contaminated by agricultural waste. Associated practices are Critical Area Planting (342), Grassed Waterway (412), Underground Outlet (620), Mulching (484), and Subsurface Drain (606).


Scenario_Description:
A low barrier constructed of posts and mesh wire across shallow depressions or other areas where surface water concentrates. Practice is typically installed in drainage areas located primarily on range land to reduce sheet and rill erosion. Wire height will not be less than 12 inches or more than 18 inches. The diversion shall be constructed on the contour or on grade not to exceed 0.5 foot per 100 feet. Posts may be juniper with a minimum top diameter of 3 inches, treated wood posts with a minimum top diameter of 4 inches, T, U, or I section steel posts, or iron pipe of not less than 1 1/4 inches inside diameter. Posts shall be set a minimum of 1 1/2 feet in the ground for a 1' tall structure and 2' in the ground for a 1-1/2' tall structure and spaced at 10 feet or less. Wire mesh diversions trap sediment, spread or disperse overland water flows to reduce erosion from concentrated flow and aid in the infiltration of surface flows by slowing water movement. Typical scenario size is 20 feet long, with 3 metal tee posts, with wire mesh 12 to 18 inches

Before:
Soil erosion is accelerated as a result of gully, rill, or sheet erosion which exceeds "T" on range land, pasture land, and other locations due to excessive sheet flow. Excessive sheet flow results in head cuts, small channels or gullies and increased sheet erosion. Due to excessive erosion more precipitation is running off the site versus infiltrating the soil.

After:
Net Wire Diversion is installed using post driving equipment and/or manual labor. Sheet flows are slowed and or spread across the land form to decrease concentrated flow and resulting soil erosion (sheet, rill, and small gullies) and aid the soil in the infiltration of sheet flows.


Scenario_Description:
A plug flow anaerobic digester can be part of a waste management system. It provides biological treatment of the waste in the absence of oxygen. This process for manure and other byproducts of animal agricultural operations will manage odors, reduce the net effect of greenhouse gas emissions, and/or reduce pathogens. This scenario is for a plug flow digester with less than 1,000 animal units. Selection of digester type will be based on effluent consistency. Energy generation is not included with this scenario. Potential Associated Practices: Fence (382), Critical Area Planting (342), Nutrient Management (590), Waste Transfer (634), Heavy Use Area Protection (561), Roof and Covers (367), Waste Separation Facility (632), Waste Treatment Lagoon (359), and Waste Storage Facility (313).

Before:
Manure and other agricultural by-products are not being utilized or controlled in an environmentally safe manner. The wastes are either accumulating at the source, or other location, or are being transported but not properly utilized or disposed of. This situation poses an environmentally threat of excessive nutrients, organics, and pathogens being transported into surface and ground waters, in addition to the use of excessive amounts of fertilizers. The treatment of manure and other agricultural by-products is desired in order to manage odors, and/or reduce pathogens.

After:
Manure and other agricultural by-products are being treated such that odors are managed and/or pathogens are reduced. Effluent from the digester is disposed of or utilized in a proper manner in accordance with a nutrient management plan. A plug flow digester is typically constructed of concrete with vertical side walls and solid or flexible top. The typical scenario also includes items necessary to maintain mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures for bacterial activity (i.e. piping and boiler or other heat source). Typical Design Scenario: 910 animal units (650 - 1,400 lbs dairy cows).


Scenario_Description:
A plug flow anaerobic digester can be part of a waste management system. It provides biological treatment of the waste in the absence of oxygen. This process for manure and other byproducts of animal agricultural operations will manage odors, reduce the net effect of greenhouse gas emissions, and/or reduce pathogens. This scenario is for plug flow digesters with livestock operations between 1,000 and 2,000 animal units. Selection of digester type will be based on effluent consistency. Energy generation is not included with this scenario. Potential Associated Practices: Fence (382), Critical Area Planting (342), Nutrient Management (590), Waste Transfer (634), Heavy Use Area Protection (561), Roof and Covers (367), Waste Separation Facility (632), Waste Treatment Lagoon (359), and Waste Storage Facility (313).

After:
Manure and other agricultural by-products are being treated such that odors are managed and/or pathogens are reduced. Effluent from the digester is disposed of or utilized in a proper manner in accordance with a nutrient management plan. A plug flow digester is typically constructed of concrete with vertical side walls and solid or flexible top. The typical scenario also includes items necessary to maintain mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures for bacterial activity (i.e. piping and boiler or other heat source). Typical design scenario: 1,750 animal units (1,250 - 1,400 lbs dairy cows).


Scenario_Description:
A plug flow anaerobic digester can be part of a waste management system. It provides biological treatment of the waste in the absence of oxygen. This process for manure and other byproducts of animal agricultural operations will manage odors, reduce the net effect of greenhouse gas emissions, and/or reduce pathogens. This scenario is for plug flow digesters with more than 2,000 animal units. Selection of digester type will be based on effluent consistency. Energy generation is not included with this scenario. Potential Associated Practices: Fence (382), Critical Area Planting (342), Nutrient Management (590), Waste Transfer (634), Heavy Use Area Protection (561), Roof and Covers (367), Waste Separation Facility (632), Waste Treatment Lagoon (359), and Waste Storage Facility (313).

After:
Manure and other agricultural by-products are being treated such that odors are managed and/or pathogens are reduced. Effluent from the digester is disposed of or utilized in a proper manner in accordance with a nutrient management plan. A plug flow digester is typically constructed of concrete with vertical side walls and solid or flexible top. The typical scenario also includes items necessary to maintain mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures for bacterial activity (i.e. piping and boiler or other heat source). Typical Design Scenario: 3,920 animal units (2,800 - 1,400 lbs dairy cows).


Scenario_Description:
A complete mix anaerobic digester can be part of a waste management system. It provides biological treatment of the waste in the absence of oxygen. This process for manure and other byproducts of animal agricultural operations will manage odors, reduce the net effect of greenhouse gas emissions, and/or reduce pathogens. This scenario is for complete mix systems with less than 1,000 animal units. Selection of digester type will be based on effluent consistency. Energy generation is not included with this scenario. Potential Associated Practices: Fence (382), Critical Area Planting (342), Nutrient Management (590), Waste Transfer (634), Heavy Use Area Protection (561), Roof and Covers (367), Waste Separation Facility (632), Waste Treatment Lagoon (359), and Waste Storage Facility (313).

After:
Manure and other agricultural by-products are being treated such that odors are managed and/or pathogens are reduced. Effluent from the digester is disposed of or utilized in a proper manner in accordance with a nutrient management plan. A complete mix digester is typically a round above ground structure constructed of concrete or steel. The typical scenario also includes items necessary to maintain mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures for bacterial activity (i.e. piping and boiler or other heat source). Typical Design Scenario: 1,039 animal units (742 - 1,400 lbs dairy cows).


Scenario_Description:
A complete mix anaerobic digester can be part of a waste management system. It provides biological treatment of the waste in the absence of oxygen. This process for manure and other byproducts of animal agricultural operations will manage odors, reduce the net effect of greenhouse gas emissions, and/or reduce pathogens. This scenario is for complete mix systems between 1,000 and 2,500 animal units. Selection of digester type will be based on effluent consistency. Energy generation is not included with this scenario. Potential Associated Practices: Fence (382), Critical Area Planting (342), Nutrient Management (590), Waste Transfer (634), Heavy Use Area Protection (561), Roof and Covers (367), Waste Separation Facility (632), Waste Treatment Lagoon (359), and Waste Storage Facility (313).

After:
Manure and other agricultural by-products are being treated such that odors are managed and/or pathogens are reduced. Effluent from the digester is disposed of or utilized in a proper manner in accordance with a nutrient management plan. A complete mix digester is typically a round above ground structure constructed of concrete or steel. The typical scenario also includes items necessary to maintain mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures for bacterial activity (i.e. piping and boiler or other heat source). Typical Design Scenario: 1,890 animal units (1,350 - 1,400 lbs dairy cows).


Scenario_Description:
A complete mix anaerobic digester can be part of a waste management system. It provides biological treatment of the waste in the absence of oxygen. This process for manure and other byproducts of animal agricultural operations will manage odors, reduce the net effect of greenhouse gas emissions, and/or reduce pathogens. This scenario is for complete mix systems with more than 2,500 animal units. Selection of digester type will be based on effluent consistency. Energy generation is not included with this scenario. Potential Associated Practices: Fence (382), Critical Area Planting (342), Nutrient Management (590), Waste Transfer (634), Heavy Use Area Protection (561), Roof and Covers (367), Waste Separation Facility (632), Waste Treatment Lagoon (359), and Waste Storage Facility (313).

After:
Manure and other agricultural by-products are being treated such that odors are managed and/or pathogens are reduced. Effluent from the digester is disposed of or utilized in a proper manner in accordance with a nutrient management plan. A complete mix digester is typically a round above ground structure constructed of concrete or steel. The typical scenario also includes items necessary to maintain mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures for bacterial activity (i.e. piping and boiler or other heat source). Typical Design Scenario: 3,220 animal units (2,300 - 1,400 lbs dairy cows).


Scenario_Description:
A covered lagoon can be part of a waste management system. It provides biological treatment of the waste in the absence of oxygen. This process for manure and other byproducts of animal agricultural operations will manage odors, reduce the net effect of greenhouse gas emissions, and/or reduce pathogens. This scenario is for all livestock operation sizes. The waste holding/treatment area is covered by waste treatment lagoon (359) or waste storage facility (313) and the cover is addressed under roofs and covers (367). Selection of digester type will be based on effluent consistency. Costs for this scenario are only for system controls, gas collection, and flaring system. Energy generation is not included with this scenario. Potential Associated Practices: Fence (382), Critical Area Planting (342), Nutrient Management (590), Waste Transfer (634), Heavy Use Area Protection (561), Roof and Covers (367), Waste Separation Facility (632), Waste Treatment Lagoon (359), and Waste Storage Facility (313).

After:
Manure and other agricultural by-products are being treated such that odors are managed and/or pathogens are reduced. Effluent from the digester is disposed of or utilized in a proper manner in accordance with a nutrient management plan. A covered lagoon/holding pond typically has a flexible top installed over an earthen storage/treatment facility for the purpose of capturing the biogas. Typical Design Scenario: 1,000 animal units (715 - 1,400 lbs dairy cows).


Scenario_Description:
A flexible membrane or fabric-like roof placed on a steel truss hoop-like supports and supporting foundation. Manure is stored as a liquid in basins, tanks, and as a solid on concrete and earthen surfaces. Excess precipitation can cause premature filling of storages or cause nutrients to leach from solid manure piles leading to uncontrolled runoff as well as odor issues. Associated practices include Waste Storage Facility (313), Animal Mortality Facility (316), Composting Facility (317), Roof Runoff Structure (558), and Waste Treatment (629).

Before:
Applicable where the exclusion of precipitation from an animal waste storage and/or treatment facility will improve of an existing or planned system. Manure is stored as a liquid in basins, tanks, and as a solid on concrete and earthen surfaces. Excess precipitation can cause premature filling of storages or cause nutrients to leach from solid manure piles leading to uncontrolled runoff as well as odor issues.

After:
A flexible membrane or fabric-like roof placed on a steel truss hoop-like supports and supporting foundation. Roof or cover will be engineered and installed in accordance with appropriate building codes and permits. Typical size is 1,000 square feet and is over an approved animal waste management facility as a component of a CNMP. It is designed to prevent precipitation to allow proper management of animal waste streams (manure or compost streams), thus mitigating the negative factors from the "before practice implementation".


Scenario_Description:
A timber framed building with a timber or steel "sheet" roof and supporting foundation. Manure is stored as a liquid in basins, tanks, and as a solid on concrete and earthen surfaces. Excess precipitation can cause premature filling of storages or cause nutrients to leach from solid manure piles leading to uncontrolled runoff as well as odor issues. Associated practices include Waste Storage Facility (313), Animal Mortality Facility (316), Composting Facility (317), Agrichemical Handling Facility (309), Roof Runoff Structure (558), and Waste Treatment (629).

After:
A timber framed building with a timber or steel "sheet" roof and supporting foundation. Engineered and installed in accordance with appropriate building codes and permits. Typical size is 1,000 square feet and is over an approved animal waste management facility as a component of a CNMP. It is designed to prevent precipitation to allow proper management of animal waste streams (manure or compost streams), thus mitigating the negative factors from the "before practice implementation".


Scenario_Description:
A steel framed building with steel "sheet" roof and supporting foundation. Manure is stored as a liquid in basins, tanks, and as a solid on concrete and earthen surfaces. Excess precipitation can cause premature filling of storages or cause nutrients to leach from solid manure piles leading to uncontrolled runoff as well as odor issues. Associated practices includes Waste Storage Facility (313), Animal Mortality Facility (316), Composting Facility (317), Roof Runoff Structure (558), and Waste Treatment (629).

After:
A steel framed building with steel "sheet" roof and supporting foundation. Engineered and installed in accordance with appropriate building codes and permits. Typical size is 10,000 square feet and is over an approved animal waste management facility as a component of a CNMP. It is designed to prevent precipitation to allow proper management of animal waste streams (manure or compost streams), thus mitigating the negative factors from the "before practice implementation".


Scenario_Description:
A fabricated rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible membrane over a waste storage or treatment facility. The membrane will cover the entire surface of a waste storage or treatment facility (e.g. waste treatment lagoon or anaerobic digester). Cover will exclude precipitation and/or capture biogas for controlled release for flaring or anaerobic digestion. Associated practices include Waste Storage Facility (313), Waste Treatment Lagoon (359), Anaerobic Digester (366), Animal Mortality Facility (316), Composting Facility (317), Roof Runoff Structure (558), Pumping Plant (533), and Waste Treatment (629).

Before:
Applicable where the exclusion of precipitation from an animal waste storage or treatment lagoon will improve the management of an existing or planned system, capture and controlled release or flaring of emissions from an existing or planned agricultural waste storage to improve air quality, and/or biogas production and capture for energy use are part of the existing or planned animal waste management system.

After:
A fabricated rigid, semi-rigid, or flexible membrane over a waste storage or treatment facility. The membrane will cover the entire surface of a waste storage or treatment facility (e.g. waste treatment lagoon or anaerobic digester).


Scenario_Description:
A fabricated flexible membrane over a waste storage or treatment facility. The membrane will cover the entire surface of a waste storage or treatment facility (e.g. waste treatment lagoon or anaerobic digester). Cover will exclude precipitation and/or capture biogas for controlled release for flaring or anaerobic digestion. This scenario includes the gas collection and flare system to convert methane to carbon dioxide. Associated practices include Waste Storage Facility (313), Waste Treatment Lagoon (359), Anaerobic Digester (366), Animal Mortality Facility (316), Composting Facility (317), Roof Runoff Structure (558), Pumping Plant (533), and Waste Treatment (629).

After:
A fabricated flexible membrane over a 200 ft x 300 ft waste storage pond. The membrane will cover the entire surface of a waste storage or treatment facility (e.g. waste storage pond, waste treatment lagoon or anaerobic digester). A flare is included to burn off the captured emitted methane. Methane collection system under the cover is installed on a per acre rate basis.


Scenario_Description:
Permeable organic or inorganic cover applied to the liquid surface of a waste storage or treatment facility. Permeable organic or inorganic cover to reduce radiation and wind velocity over the surface of a manure storage to reduce transmission of odors and act as a medium for growth of microorganisms that utilize carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to decompose odorous compounds. Associated practices include Waste Storage Facility (313).

Before:
Applicable where the bio-treatment of emissions from an existing or planned waste storage or treatment facility will improve air quality.

After:
Permeable composite or inorganic cover applied to the liquid surface of a waste storage or treatment facility.

Feature_Measure:
Storage Surface Area at Normal Full Level


Scenario_Description:
Older diesel engine replaced with new diesel engine repower (< 50 bhp). The existing diesel engine may be stationary or portable operating an irrigation pump or an auxiliary engine providing mechanical function for agricultural/forestry equipment. Resource Concerns: Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Ozone Precursors; Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors; Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and Facilities; Inefficient Energy Use - Farming/Ranching Practices and Field Operations. Associated Practices include: 374 - Farmstead Energy Improvement; 533 - Pumping Plant; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 449 - Irrigation Water Management; 516 - Pipeline; 313 - Waste Storage Facility; 634 - Waste Transfer; 614 - Watering Facility; 642 - Water Well, CAP 126 Comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan, CAP 122 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Headquarters, and CAP 124 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Landscape.

Before:
An old or inefficient diesel engine powers an irrigation pumping plant or grain dryer fan, or is a backup power generation for a farming operation. The emissions of oxides of nitrogen and/or particulate matter from the engine are identified to contribute to an air quality resource concern OR the existing diesel engine is energy inefficient due to a conversion of the irrigation system, reduction in required pump capacity, or age of the power unit. Air Quality Impacts: The existing internal combustion engine emissions are identified to contribute to an air quality resource concern. Inefficient Energy Use: The existing internal combustion engine uses excess fuel to operate an existing irrigation pump, off-road agricultural vehicle or other auxiliary engine providing a mechanical function for agricultural/forestry equipment.

After:
The repowered diesel engine (< 50 bhp) replaces the existing older engine; the engine being replaced will be disabled and a certificate of inoperability submitted prior to certification of practice completion. The existing engine is supported by a concrete pad; no costs have been included for a new pad. Additional costs may be incurred if a concrete pad is not present. For Air Quality: The repower diesel engine will be cleaner-burning and will emit less particulate matter and/or oxides of nitrogen than the previous existing engine. For Energy: Energy efficiency will be improved by at least 20%; the increase in energy efficiency for the modified unit must be supported by an energy analysis.


Scenario_Description:
Older diesel engine replaced with new diesel engine repower (50-99 bhp). The existing diesel engine may be stationary or portable operating an irrigation pump or an auxiliary engine providing mechanical function for agricultural/forestry equipment. Resource Concerns: Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Ozone Precursors; Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors; Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and Facilities; Inefficient Energy Use - Farming/Ranching Practices and Field Operations. Associated Practices include: 374 - Farmstead Energy Improvement; 533 - Pumping Plant; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 449 - Irrigation Water Management; 516 - Pipeline; 313 - Waste Storage Facility; 634 - Waste Transfer; 614 - Watering Facility; 642 - Water Well, CAP 126 Comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan, CAP 122 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Headquarters, and CAP 124 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Landscape.

After:
The repowered diesel engine (50-99 bhp) replaces the existing older engine; the engine being replaced will be disabled and a certificate of inoperability submitted prior to certification of practice completion. The existing engine is supported by a concrete pad; no costs have been included for a new pad. Additional costs may be incurred if a concrete pad is not present. For Air Quality: The repower diesel engine will be cleaner-burning and will emit less particulate matter and/or oxides of nitrogen than the previous existing engine. For Energy: Energy efficiency will be improved by at least 20%; the increase in energy efficiency for the modified unit must be supported by an energy analysis.


Scenario_Description:
Older diesel engine replaced with new diesel engine repower (100-199 bhp). The existing diesel engine may be stationary or portable operating an irrigation pump or an auxiliary engine providing mechanical function for agricultural/forestry equipment. Resource Concerns: Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Ozone Precursors; Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors; Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and Facilities; Inefficient Energy Use - Farming/Ranching Practices and Field Operations. Associated Practices include: 374 - Farmstead Energy Improvement; 533 - Pumping Plant; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 449 - Irrigation Water Management; 516 - Pipeline; 313 - Waste Storage Facility; 634 - Waste Transfer; 614 - Watering Facility; 642 - Water Well, CAP 126 Comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan, CAP 122 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Headquarters, and CAP 124 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Landscape.

After:
The repowered diesel engine (100-199 bhp) replaces the existing older engine; the engine being replaced will be disabled and a certificate of inoperability submitted prior to certification of practice completion. The existing engine is supported by a concrete pad; no costs have been included for a new pad. Additional costs may be incurred if a concrete pad is not present. For Air Quality: The repower diesel engine will be cleaner-burning and will emit less particulate matter and/or oxides of nitrogen than the previous existing engine. For Energy: Energy efficiency will be improved by at least 20%; the increase in energy efficiency for the modified unit must be supported by an energy analysis.


Scenario_Description:
Older diesel engine replaced with new diesel engine repower (>= 200 bhp). The existing diesel engine may be stationary or portable operating an irrigation pump or an auxiliary engine providing mechanical function for agricultural/forestry equipment. Resource Concerns: Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Ozone Precursors; Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors; Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and Facilities; Inefficient Energy Use - Farming/Ranching Practices and Field Operations. Associated Practices include: 374 - Farmstead Energy Improvement; 533 - Pumping Plant; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 449 - Irrigation Water Management; 516 - Pipeline; 313 - Waste Storage Facility; 634 - Waste Transfer; 614 - Watering Facility; 642 - Water Well, CAP 126 Comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan, CAP 122 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Headquarters, and CAP 124 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Landscape.

After:
The repowered diesel engine (>= 200 bhp) replaces the existing older engine; the engine being replaced will be disabled and a certificate of inoperability submitted prior to certification of practice completion. The existing engine is supported by a concrete pad; no costs have been included for a new pad. Additional costs may be incurred if a concrete pad is not present. For Air Quality: The repower diesel engine will be cleaner-burning and will emit less particulate matter and/or oxides of nitrogen than the previous existing engine. For Energy: Energy efficiency will be improved by at least 20%; the increase in energy efficiency for the modified unit must be supported by an energy analysis.


Scenario_Name:
Electric Motor in-lieu of IC Engine, < 12 HP

Scenario_Description:
Replace an existing IC engine operating an irrigation well with a new electric motor (< 12 HP). An existing IC engine is stationary or portable (does not propel a vehicle and is not an auxiliary IC engine on a vehicle). This replacement provides the greatest emission reductions by eliminating NOx, VOC, and PM emissions from the source. Resource Concerns: Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Ozone Precursors; Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors; Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and Facilities; Inefficient Energy Use - Farming/Ranching Practices and Field Operations. Associated Practices include: 374 - Farmstead Energy Improvement; 533 - Pumping Plant; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 449 - Irrigation Water Management; 516 - Pipeline; 313 - Waste Storage Facility; 634 - Waste Transfer; 614 - Watering Facility; 642 - Water Well, CAP 126 Comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan, CAP 122 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Headquarters, and CAP 124 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Landscape.

Before:
Irrigation pump with IC engine withdraws water from a well and provides water through a center pivot irrigation system. The emissions of oxides of nitrogen and/or particulate matter from the engine are identified to contribute to an air quality resource concern OR based on an evaluation of the engine, the pump, the well, and the center pivot irrigation system, the engine is less than 50 percent efficient in delivering water to the system. Air Quality Impacts: The existing internal combustion engine emissions are identified to contribute to an air quality resource concern. Inefficient Energy Use: The existing internal combustion engine uses excess fuel to operate an existing irrigation pump. Plant Condition Impact: Poor plant condition and vigor is evident due to a lack of water during critical times in the growing season. Water Quality Impacts: Fuel tank and fuel line have potential to cause environmental damage with leaks. The existing internal combustion engine is inefficient in delivering water to the system; subsequently, the lack of plant growth and uptake of nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus are not being fully utilized and are available to be lost to surface and ground waters.

After:
The electric motor replaces the existing older engine; the engine being replaced will be disabled and a certificate of inoperability submitted prior to certification of practice completion. The existing engine is supported by a concrete pad; no costs have been included for a new pad. Additional costs may be incurred if a concrete pad is not present. For Air Quality: The electric motor does not produce any on-farm emissions of oxides of nitrogen or particulate matter, resulting in a substantial emissions reduction on the farm. For Energy: Energy efficiency will be improved by at least 20%. For Plant Condition: Plant condition and vigor will be improved. For Water Quality: The potential for environmental damage due to leaks from the tanks and fuel lines has been eliminated. Plant uptake of available nutrients will be increased and less nutrients will be lost to surface and ground waters.


Scenario_Name:
Electric Motor in-lieu of IC Engine, 12-74 HP

Scenario_Description:
Replace an existing IC engine operating an irrigation well with a new electric motor (12-74 HP). An existing IC engine is stationary or portable (does not propel a vehicle and is not an auxiliary IC engine on a vehicle). This replacement provides the greatest emission reductions by eliminating NOx, VOC, and PM emissions from the source. Resource Concerns: Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Ozone Precursors; Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors; Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and Facilities; Inefficient Energy Use - Farming/Ranching Practices and Field Operations. Associated Practices include: 374 - Farmstead Energy Improvement; 533 - Pumping Plant; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 449 - Irrigation Water Management; 516 - Pipeline; 313 - Waste Storage Facility; 634 - Waste Transfer; 614 - Watering Facility; 642 - Water Well, CAP 126 Comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan, CAP 122 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Headquarters, and CAP 124 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Landscape.


Scenario_Name:
Electric Motor in-lieu of IC Engine, 75-149 HP

Scenario_Description:
Replace an existing IC engine operating an irrigation well with a new electric motor (75-149 HP). An existing IC engine is stationary or portable (does not propel a vehicle and is not an auxiliary IC engine on a vehicle). This replacement provides the greatest emission reductions by eliminating NOx, VOC, and PM emissions from the source. Resource Concerns: Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Ozone Precursors; Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors; Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and Facilities; Inefficient Energy Use - Farming/Ranching Practices and Field Operations. Associated Practices include: 374 - Farmstead Energy Improvement; 533 - Pumping Plant; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 449 - Irrigation Water Management; 516 - Pipeline; 313 - Waste Storage Facility; 634 - Waste Transfer; 614 - Watering Facility; 642 - Water Well, CAP 126 Comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan, CAP 122 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Headquarters, and CAP 124 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Landscape.


Scenario_Name:
Electric Motor in-lieu of IC Engine, 150-299 HP

Scenario_Description:
Replace an existing IC engine operating an irrigation well with a new electric motor (150-299 HP). An existing IC engine is stationary or portable (does not propel a vehicle and is not an auxiliary IC engine on a vehicle). This replacement provides the greatest emission reductions by eliminating NOx, VOC, and PM emissions from the source. Resource Concerns: Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Ozone Precursors; Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors; Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and Facilities; Inefficient Energy Use - Farming/Ranching Practices and Field Operations. Associated Practices include: 374 - Farmstead Energy Improvement; 533 - Pumping Plant; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 449 - Irrigation Water Management; 516 - Pipeline; 313 - Waste Storage Facility; 634 - Waste Transfer; 614 - Watering Facility; 642 - Water Well, CAP 126 Comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan, CAP 122 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Headquarters, and CAP 124 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Landscape.


Scenario_Name:
Electric Motor in-lieu of IC Engine, >=300 HP

Scenario_Description:
Replace an existing IC engine operating an irrigation well with a new electric motor (>=300 HP). An existing IC engine is stationary or portable (does not propel a vehicle and is not an auxiliary IC engine on a vehicle). This replacement provides the greatest emission reductions by eliminating NOx, VOC, and PM emissions from the source. Resource Concerns: Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Ozone Precursors; Air Quality Impacts - Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors; Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and Facilities; Inefficient Energy Use - Farming/Ranching Practices and Field Operations. Associated Practices include: 374 - Farmstead Energy Improvement; 533 - Pumping Plant; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 449 - Irrigation Water Management; 516 - Pipeline; 313 - Waste Storage Facility; 634 - Waste Transfer; 614 - Watering Facility; 642 - Water Well, CAP 126 Comprehensive Air Quality Management Plan, CAP 122 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Headquarters, and CAP 124 Agricultural Energy Management Plan - Landscape.


Practice:
373 - Dust Control on Unpaved Roads and Surfaces

Scenario_Description:
Application of water as a dust suppressant once per day to an unpaved road or other unpaved surface where vehicle or wind action may result in emissions of particulate matter without treatment. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

Before:
The operation does not apply a dust suppressant to an unpaved surface. Vehicle or wind action on the untreated unpaved surface results in emissions of particulate matter that cause nuisance dusting or visibility-impairment effects.

After:
The unpaved surface is graded and potholes are filled three times per year. Water is applied via truck once per day as a dust suppressant to the unpaved surface with a minimization of overlap and avoidance of over-application of water. This scenario assumes a treated area of 1/4 mile in length and 12 feet in width. Associated practices include 560 - Access Road, 472 - Access Control, 561 - Heavy Use Area Protection, 342 - Critical Area Planting, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 516 - Pipeline, 533 - Pumping Plant, 449 - Irrigation Water Management, 484 - Mulching, and 380 - Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment.


Scenario_Description:
Application of water as a dust suppressant twice per day to an unpaved road or other unpaved surface where vehicle or wind action may result in emissions of particulate matter without treatment. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
The unpaved surface is graded and potholes are filled three times per year. Water is applied via truck twice per day as a dust suppressant to the unpaved surface with a minimization of overlap and avoidance of over-application of water. This scenario assumes a treated area of 1/4 mile in length and 12 feet in width. Associated practices include 560 - Access Road, 472 - Access Control, 561 - Heavy Use Area Protection, 342 - Critical Area Planting, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 516 - Pipeline, 533 - Pumping Plant, 449 - Irrigation Water Management, 484 - Mulching, and 380 - Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment.


Scenario_Description:
Application of water as a dust suppressant once per week to an unpaved road or other unpaved surface where vehicle or wind action may result in emissions of particulate matter without treatment. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
The unpaved surface is graded and potholes are filled three times per year. Water is applied via truck once per week as a dust suppressant to the unpaved surface with a minimization of overlap and avoidance of over-application of water. This scenario assumes a treated area of 1/4 mile in length and 12 feet in width. Associated practices include 560 - Access Road, 472 - Access Control, 561 - Heavy Use Area Protection, 342 - Critical Area Planting, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 516 - Pipeline, 533 - Pumping Plant, 449 - Irrigation Water Management, 484 - Mulching, and 380 - Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment.


Scenario_Name:
Petroleum-Based Road Oil Application - Once per Year

Scenario_Description:
Application of a petroleum-based road oil as a dust suppressant once per year to an unpaved road or other unpaved surface where vehicle or wind action may result in emissions of particulate matter without treatment. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
The unpaved surface is graded and potholes are filled once per year. Petroleum-based road oil is applied via truck once per year as a dust suppressant to the unpaved surface with a minimization of overlap and avoidance of over-application. This scenario assumes a treated area of 1/4 mile in length and 12 feet in width. Associated practices include 560 - Access Road, 472 - Access Control, 561 - Heavy Use Area Protection, 342 - Critical Area Planting, 635 - Vegetated Treatment Area, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 516 - Pipeline, 533 - Pumping Plant, 449 - Irrigation Water Management, 484 - Mulching, and 380 - Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment.


Scenario_Name:
Hygroscopic Salt Application - Once per Year

Scenario_Description:
Application of a hygroscopic salt (calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, etc.) as a dust suppressant once per year to an unpaved road or other unpaved surface where vehicle or wind action may result in emissions of particulate matter without treatment. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
The unpaved surface is graded and potholes are filled once per year. Hygroscopic salt solution is applied via truck once per year as a dust suppressant to the unpaved surface with a minimization of overlap and avoidance of over-application. Once the dust suppressant is applied, the treated surface is compacted. This scenario assumes a treated area of 1/4 mile in length and 12 feet in width. Associated practices include 560 - Access Road, 472 - Access Control, 561 - Heavy Use Area Protection, 342 - Critical Area Planting, 635 - Vegetated Treatment Area, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 516 - Pipeline, 533 - Pumping Plant, 449 - Irrigation Water Management, 484 - Mulching, and 380 - Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment.


Scenario_Description:
Installation of fence reduces resource concerns associated with wildlife access to prevent conflicts between humans and wildlife species.

Before:
Wildlife negatively impacting sensitive areas such as riparian areas, windbreaks and shelterbelts or feed storage. Disease transmission from wildlife posses a significant health risk to domestic animals.

After:
Installation of fence reduces resource concerns associated with wildlife access and prevents conflicts between humans and threatened, endangered or sensitive species. Fence includes posts, wire, fasteners, gates, etc...


Scenario_Description:
A barrier (fence) implemented on an NRCS constructed waste storage system according to engineering design to exclude human access. Permanently installed fence built to (1) keep humans away from waste ponds & lagoons, or (2) to protect sensitive areas (riparian areas, wetlands, springs, etc.) from heavy livestock pressure. Heavy grade fence materials and close post spacing required.

Before:
Where a NRCS designed and constructed waste storage pond is planned whereby significant risk to human safety is determined to be evident. Livestock has access to sensitive areas that may cause detrimental effect to animal/human health and wildlife habitat. Resource concerns affected are plant health and vigor, wildlife habitat, compaction of soils, runoff of sediment or water quality due to turbidity..

After:
Humans and livestock are excluded from the waste storage pond for safety purposes by installing a fence around a waste holding pond. The fence would typically be 100 wide x 175 long with one gate and installed by a fencing contractor. Woven wire fence with one strand of barb wire on top with a gate. Improved livestock control and access to water or other sensitive areas will promote safety for livestock/humans improve health, vigor of sensitive species, limiting soil erosion, and condition. Associated practices may include 614-Watering Facility, 516-Pipeline, 533-Pumping Plant, 342 - Critical Area Planting


Scenario_Description:
Electric - Installation of temporary 1-2 wire fence to allow for implementation of grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds. Fence is only present when livestock are present, may be removed when grazing period is finished.

Before:
On grazing lands health and vigor are negatively impacted by poor grazing distribution, timing of grazing and inadequate rest and recovery periods. Water quality is impacted by increased erosion and runoff, cattle access to water bodies is uncontrolled. Reduced vegetative cover increases the opportunity for encroachment of noxious and invasive weeds. Existing fence on pasture boundaries will be utilized to tie in with the temporary electric fence.

After:
Installation of fence will allow for implementation of grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds. Fence includes posts, wire, fasteners, gates, fence charger, etc... Single strand wire is commonly installed. Fence will be installed with wildlife friendly considerations. Associated practices may include 614-Watering Facility, 516-Pipeline, 533-Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Description:
A pole type fence, such as buck and pole, 3 rail, worm fence, or corral fence. Typically used in situations for wildlife accommodation in protecting small areas such as springs, building fences in high snow load areas, livestock working facilities, or CAFO relocation.

Before:
An area of special concern such as a spring receives damage from livestock concentration, or grazing management requires improvement in a high snow load area, or lack of necessary livestock working facilities constrains the implementation of prescribed grazing, or a CAFO near a surface water source require relocation. Resources concerns can include water quality, plant community health, and wildlife habitat.

After:
Fence installation alleviates the resource problem caused by livestock concentration or grazing management resulting in improved water quality, wildlife habitat, and plant community health.


Scenario_Name:
Multi Strand Barbed or Smooth Wire Very Difficult terrain

Scenario_Description:
Barbed, Smooth ,or Woven Wire Very Difficult Installation - Installation of fence in very difficult situations such as very shallow soils, extreme slopes or extensive clearing of trees that will allow for implementation of grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds.

Before:
On grazing lands health and vigor are negatively impacted by poor grazing distribution, timing of grazing and inadequate rest and recovery periods. Water quality is impacted by increased erosion and runoff, cattle access to water bodies is uncontrolled. Reduced vegetative cover increases the opportunity for encroachment of noxious and invasive weeds. Fence installation conditions are for very difficult sites such as extreme slopes, very shallow to bedrock soils, dense trees, etc.

After:
Installation of fence will allow for implementation of grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds. Fence includes posts, wire, fasteners, gates, brace posts, etc... Fence will be installed with wildlife friendly considerations.


Scenario_Description:
Installation of fence reduces resource concerns associated with livestock feeding operations and/or wildlife access to prevent conflicts between humans and livestock or wildlife species.

After:
Installation of fence reduces resource concerns associated with livestock and/or wildlife access and prevents conflicts between humans and threatened, endangered or sensitive species. Fence includes posts, wire, fasteners, gates, etc...


Scenario_Description:
Fuel Break installation requires tree thinning, treating woody residue, and/or mowing on sprouting species such as Gambel oak. Thinning treatment is done with equipment, treating woody residue (piling/burning, crushing, or off-site removal) and mowing are mechanized. Resource concerns are degraded plant condition - wildfire hazard, excess biomass accumulation & undesirable productivity and health.

Before:
Forest stand is overstocked with desirable and undesirable trees and/or shrubs. Overstocking creates conditions conducive to wildfire movement across the landscape, and severe loss/damage of the forest stand. Shrub levels are high and significantly increase wildfire risk. Tree crowns are touching, trees retain limbs down to understory vegetation creating a "ladder" for fire movement into the overstory, and understory vegetation (brush and grasses) create a significant fuel load to rate a high to severe fire hazard. The terrain is moderately to steeply sloped (1-30%), increasing difficulty as slope steepens.

After:
Fuel Break is installed at the property line or a key locations to reduce crown fire spread. Size of fuel break is 4 acres; the width varies due to site conditions. The trees are thinned so open gaps are created in crown overstory, branches on remaining trees are pruned to 8 to 10 feet in height, all woody residue (thinned trees and pruned branches) are treated (piled/burned or lopped/scattered) so little remains in the fuel break and understory vegetation is mowed down to less than 1 foot in height. Cut stumps have been chemically treated to control sprouting.


Scenario_Description:
Fuel Break installation requires tree thinning, treating woody residue, pruning, and/or masticating on nonsprouting species such as pinon and juniper or mixed conifer stands. Thinning treatment is done with equipment or with chainsaws, any pruning is done by hand, treating woody residue (piling/burning, crushing, or off-site removal) and masticating are mechanized. Resource concerns are degraded plant condition - wildfire hazard, excess biomass accumulation & undesirable productivity and health.

Before:
Forest stand is overstocked with desirable and undesirable trees and/or shrubs. Overstocking creates conditions conducive to wildfire movement across the landscape, and severe loss/damage of the forest stand. Shrub and/or tree levels are high and significantly increase wildfire risk. Tree crowns are touching, trees retain limbs down to understory vegetation creating a "ladder" for fire movement into the overstory, and understory vegetation (brush and grasses) create a significant fuel load to rate a high to severe fire hazard. The terrain is moderately to steeply sloped (1-30%), increasing difficulty as slope steepens.

After:
Fuel Break is installed at the property line or a key locations to reduce crown fire spread. Size of fuel break is 4 acres; the width varies due to site conditions. The trees are thinned so open gaps are created in crown overstory, branches on remaining trees are pruned to 4 to 5 feet in height, all woody residue (thinned trees and pruned branches) are treated (piled/burned or lopped/scattered) so little remains in the fuel break and understory vegetation is masticated down to less than 1 foot in height.


Scenario_Description:
Fuel Break installation requires tree thinning, treating woody residue, and/or pruning. Thinning treatment, pruning, brush cutting and treating woody residue (piling/burning, chipping and/or off-site removal), is done by hand. Resource concerns are degraded plant condition - wildfire hazard, excess biomass accumulation & undesirable productivity and health.

Before:
Forest stand is overstocked with desirable and undesirable trees and/or brush. Overstocking creates conditions conducive to wildfire movement across the landscape, and loss of the forest stand. Excess stocking is impacting the health of the desired forest ecosystem and wildfire hazard poses risk to humans, structures, air quality, plants and animals. Tree crowns are touching, trees retain limbs down to understory vegetation creating a "ladder" for fire movement into the overstory, and understory vegetation (brush and grasses) create a significant fuel load.

After:
A fuel break is installed by hand cutting trees, hand pruning remaining trees, piling and burning, chipping or removal of woody residue from tree cutting and pruning. FB installation is at property lines, around structures, at roadways, or other key locations to reduce continuity of vegetation cover. Width of fuel break varies based on site conditions.


Scenario_Description:
A non forest fuel break occurs outside of forestlands where brush, grass and forbs dominate. Land uses where this scenario will be applied may be range, pasture or wetlands. The fuel break area is mowed/bushhog so standing vegetation is reduced to a low height. Resource concerns are degraded plant condition - wildfire hazard.

Before:
Wildfire movement is a concern within the designated area. Vegetation is tall, dense and continuous creating conditions conducive for fire movement across the landscape.

After:
A fuel break is installed by shredding/mowing/bushhogging a defined width at property lines, around structures, at roadways, or other key locations to reduce continuity of vegetation cover. Width of fuel break varies based on site conditions.


Scenario_Description:
Removal of pinyon/juniper trees in areas with low density of less than 100 trees per acre. The practice entails the removal of trees by mechanical means, either chainsaw or heavy equipment or a combination as appropriate in order to reduce fuel loading and improve ecological site condition.

Before:
Area consists of stands of pinyon and juniper causing excessive fuel loads, degrading health and vigor of native herbaceous species, promoting noxious and invasive species, and degrading wildlife habitat, especially for sage grouse areas.

After:
Pinyon and Juniper trees are removed to reduce fuel loads and achieve the desirable plant community based on species composition, structure, density, and canopy cover or height. Ecological site condition is progressing in an upward trend, hydrology and plant health and vigor is returning to near normal levels, and improved wildlife habitat.


Scenario_Description:
Removal of pinyon/juniper trees in areas with moderate density between 101 - 250 trees per acre. The practice entails the removal of trees by mechanical means, either chainsaw or heavy equipment or a combination as appropriate in order to reduce fuel loading and improve ecological site condition.

Before:
Area consists of stands of pinyon and juniper causing excessive fuel loads, degrading health and vigor of native herbaceous species promoting noxious and invasive species and degrading wildlife habitat, especially for sage grouse areas.

After:
Pinyon and Juniper trees are removed to achieve the desirable plant community based on species composition, structure, density, and canopy cover or height. Ecological site condition is progressing in an upward trend, reduced fuel loads, hydrology and plant health and vigor is returning to near normal levels, and improved wildlife habitat.


Scenario_Description:
Removal of pinyon and juniper trees in areas with high density of over 251 trees per acre. The practice entails the removal of fuels by mechanical means, either chainsaw or heavy equipment or a combination as appropriate in order to reduce fuel loading and improve ecological site condition.

Before:
Area consists of excessive stands of pinyon and juniper causing excessive fuels loads, degrading health and vigor of native herbaceous species promoting noxious and invasive species and degrading wildlife habitat, especially for sage grouse areas.

After:
Pinyon and Juniper trees are removed to achieve the desirable plant community based on species composition, structure, density, and canopy cover or height. Ecological site condition is progressing in an upward trend, fuel loads are reduced, hydrology and plant health and vigor is returning to near normal levels, and improved wildlife habitat.


Scenario_Description:
Treating an area of pinyon and juniper to reduce hazardous fuels and the risk of insect and disease, improve organic matter and reduce erosion while improving water quality. Typically done by hand and light equipment. Resource concerns include: Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation and potential Excessive plant pest pressure.

Before:
A pinyon and juniper stand is causing both fire hazard and pest issues. Up to 100 trees per acre needing treatment, or majority of small (less than 4 inches) material.

After:
Fire and pest issues are reduced with slash spread out and in contact with the ground. Additional benefits include reduced soil movement. The soil is protected and/or enhanced.


Before:
Pinyon and juniper is causing both fire hazard and pest issues. Up to 100-300 trees per acre needing treatment, or majority of 5-7 inch material.


Before:
Pinyon and juniper is causing both fire hazard and pest issues. Greater than 300 trees and/or slash per acre needing treatment, or majority of greater than 8 inch material.


Scenario_Description:
Fuel Break installation requires tree thinning, treating woody residue, pruning, and mowing. Thinning treatment and pruning is done by hand, treating woody residue (piling/burning, crushing, or off-site removal) and mowing are mechanized. Resource concerns are degraded plant condition - wildfire hazard, excess biomass accumulation & undesirable productivity and health.

Before:
Forest stand is overstocked with desirable and undesirable trees. Overstocking creates conditions conducive to wildfire movement across the landscape, and severe loss/damage of the forest stand. Shrub levels are high and significantly increase wildfire risk. Tree crowns are touching, trees retain limbs down to understory vegetation creating a "ladder" for fire movement into the overstory, and understory vegetation (brush and grasses) create a significant fuel load to rate a high to severe fire hazard. The terrain is moderately to steeply sloped (1-30%), increasing difficulty as slope steepens.


Scenario_Description:
Fuel Break installation requires tree thinning, treating woody residue, pruning, and brush cutting. Thinning treatment, tree pruning and brush cutting are done by hand, treating woody residue (piling/burning, crushing, or off-site removal) is mechanized and hand treatment. Resource concerns are degraded plant condition - wildfire hazard, excess biomass accumulation & undesirable productivity and health.

Before:
The forest stand is overstocked with trees (desirable and undesirable) and is at risk of loss if a wildfire should occur. Tree crowns are touching, trees retain limbs down to understory vegetation creating a "ladder" for fire movement into the overstory, and understory vegetation (brush and grasses) create a significant fuel load to rate a high to severe fire hazard. A fuel break is implemented to reduce the risk of a crown spreading wildfire. The terrain is steep, 40+%, which significantly reduces efficiency and increases cost of installation. More cutting of trees & brush and treatment of woody residue is accomplished using labor due to very steep slopes.

After:
Fuel Break is installed at the property line or key locations to reduce crown fire spread. Size of fuel break is 4 acres; the width varies due to site conditions. The trees are thinned so open gaps are created in crown overstory; branches on remaining trees are pruned to a minimum of 8 to 10 feet in height; all woody residue, thinned trees, pruned branches and cut brush, are treated.


Scenario_Description:
Fuel Break installation requires tree thinning, treating woody residue, pruning, and mowing. Thinning treatment and pruning is done by hand; treating woody residue (piling/burning, crushing, or off-site removal) and mowing are mostly mechanized. Resource concerns are degraded plant condition - wildfire hazard, excess biomass accumulation & undesirable productivity and health.

Before:
The forest stand is overstocked with trees (desirable and undesirable) and is at risk of loss if a wildfire should occur. Tree crowns are touching, trees retain limbs down to understory vegetation creating a "ladder" for fire movement into the overstory, and understory vegetation (brush and grasses) create a significant fuel load to rate a high to severe fire hazard. Slope of terrain increases fire hazard. The terrain moderately sloped, 1-30+% increasing difficulty as slope steepens.

After:
Fuel Break is installed at the property line or key locations to reduce crown fire spread. Size of fuel break is 4 acres; the width varies due to site conditions. The trees are thinned so open gaps are created in crown overstory, branches on remaining trees are pruned to 8 to 10 feet in height, all woody residue (thinned trees, pruned branches and brush) are mostly masticated but some is piled/burned, hauled of site or lopped/scattered) understory vegetation is cut down to less than 1 foot in height. Cut stumps have been chemically treated to control sprouting.


Scenario_Description:
Fuel Break installation requires tree thinning, treating woody residue, pruning, and brush cutting. Thinning is mechanized and hand cutting, tree pruning and brush cutting are done by hand, treating woody residue (piling/burning, crushing, or off-site removal) is mechanized and some hand treatment. Resource concerns are degraded plant condition - wildfire hazard, excess biomass accumulation & undesirable productivity and health.

Before:
The forest stand is overstocked with trees (desirable and undesirable) and is at risk of loss if a wildfire should occur. Tree crowns are touching, trees retain limbs down to understory vegetation creating a "ladder" for fire movement into the overstory, and understory vegetation (brush and grasses) create a significant fuel load to rate a high to severe fire hazard. Slope of terrain significantly increases fire hazard rating due to preheating effect. The terrain is steeply sloped, 40+%, which significantly reduces implementation efficiency. More hand cutting and treatment of woody residue is accomplished using labor due to very steep slopes.

After:
Fuel Break is installed a the property line or a key locations to reduce crown fire spread. Size of fuel break is 4 acres; the width varies due to site conditions. The trees are thinned so open gaps are created in crown overstory, branches on remaining trees are pruned to 8 to 10 feet in height, all woody residue (thinned trees, pruned branches and brush) are mostly masticated but some is piled/burned, hauled of site or lopped/scattered) so little remains in the fuel break and understory vegetation is cut down to less than 1 foot in height. Cut stumps have been chemically treated to control sprouting.


Scenario_Description:
Treating an area of forest slash or following a juniper chaining to reduce hazardous fuels and the risk of insect and disease, improve organic matter and reduce erosion while improving water quality. Typically done by hand and light equipment. Resource concerns include: Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation and potential Excessive plant pest pressure.

Before:
Woody material resulting from a silvicultural practice such as pruning or a light thinning operation is causing both fire hazard and pest issues. Up to 100 trees and/or slash per acre needing treatment, or majority of small (less than 3 inches) material.


Before:
Woody material resulting from a silvicultural practice such as pruning or a light thinning operation is causing both fire hazard and pest issues. Up to 100-300 trees and/or slash per acre needing treatment, or majority of 3-6 inch material.


Before:
Woody material resulting from a silvicultural practice such as pruning or a light thinning operation is causing both fire hazard and pest issues. Greater than 300 trees and/or slash per acre needing treatment, or majority of greater than 6 inch material.


Scenario_Description:
Reducing woody waste created during forestry, agroforestry and horticultural activities by gathering, piling, and burning (under appropriate weather conditions) to remove piles to achieve management objectives. Does not include transport from property to a commercial facility. Resource concerns include reducing potential Excessive plant pest pressure, and Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation .

Before:
Woody residue causes management issues including resource access, fire hazard and sites for harboring pests.


Scenario_Description:
Reducing woody waste created during forestry, agroforestry and horticultural activities by gathering, chipping, and hauling off site to achieve management objectives. Does not include transport from property to a commercial facility. Resource concerns include potential Emissions of particulate matter, potential Excessive plant pest pressure, and Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation .

After:
Fire and pest issues are reduced. Air and energy resources are conserved.


Scenario_Description:
Treating an area of significant woody plant residues to reduce hazardous fuels and the risk of insect and disease, improve organic matter, decrease unwanted habitat, and reduce erosion while improving water quality. Slash is to be lopped/treated/crushed within a foot of the ground or moved off site to meet state fire hazard reduction standards. Typically heavy equipment are used such as masticators, mulchers, drum choppers, etc. Hand work with chainsaws are used on steep slopes. Resource concerns include potential Emission of particulate matter, Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation, Excessive plant pest pressure, and Habitat degradation.

Before:
Heavy woody material (difficult to walk through) resulting from silvicultural/management operations caused both fire hazard, access, potential harm to humans and animals, and pest issues.

After:
Fire, access, and pest issues are reduced with slash spread out and in contact with the ground. An additional benefit is reduced soil movement.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of PVC (Plastic Irrigation Pipe) pipeline with diameters greater than or equal to 10 inches. PVC (PIP) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from 4-inch to 27-inch; typical practice sizes range from 4-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 12-inch. Construct 500 feet of 12-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51, PVC-Plastic Irrigation Pipe (PIP) pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum of 30 inches of ground cover. This scenario includes 50 feet of boring. The unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 500 feet of 12-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51) PVC-PIP pipe weighs 5.82 lb/ft, or a total of 2910 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters, riser pipe assemblies, or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.

Before:
Pipeline needed to replace or supplement inefficient irrigation conveyance systems.

After:
Pipeline installed to convey and/or distribute water to irrigation systems or reservoirs, minimizing non-beneficial water use, reducing soil erosion, and/or reducing energy use.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of PVC (Plastic Irrigation Pipe) pipeline with diameters greater than or equal to 10 inches. PVC (PIP) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from 4-inch to 27-inch; typical practice sizes range from 4-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 12-inch. Construct 1/4 mile (1,320 feet) of 12-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51, PVC-Plastic Irrigation Pipe (PIP) pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum of 30 inches of ground cover. This scenario includes 4 alfalfa valves. The unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 1,320 feet of 12-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51) PVC-PIP pipe weighs 5.82 lb/ft, or a total of 7677 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters, or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of HDPE (Iron Pipe Size & Tubing) pipeline. HDPE (IPS & Tubing) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from ½-inch to 24-inch; typical practice sizes range from 2-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 6-inch. Construct 1/4 mile (1,320 feet) of 6-inch, Class 130 (SDR-13.5), HDPE pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum 2 feet of ground cover. The unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 1,320 feet of 8-inch, Class 130 (SDR-13.5), HDPE weighs 4.024 lb/ft, or a total of 5,312 pounds. Appurtenances include: fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, risers, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Description:
Description: On-ground surface installation of HDPE (Iron Pipe Size & Tubing) pipeline. HDPE (IPS & Tubing) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from ½-inch to 24-inch; typical practice sizes range from 2-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 2-inch. Construct 1/4 mile (1,320 feet) of 2-inch, Class 200 (SDR-9.0), HDPE pipeline with appurtenances, installed on the ground surface. The unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 1,320 feet of 2-inch, Class 200 (SDR-9.0), HDPE weighs 0.744 lb/ft, or a total of 982 pounds. Appurtenances include: fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, anchors, thrust blocks, risers, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 15% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of HDPE (Corrugated Plastic Pipe) pipeline. HDPE (CPP) Twin-Wall is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from 4-inch to 60-inch; typical practice sizes range from 12-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 18-inch. Construct 1/8 mile (660 feet) of 18-inch, Twin-Wall, HDPE Corrugated Plastic Pipe (CPP) with a smooth interior, and appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum 2 feet of ground cover. The unit is in weight of pipe material in pounds. 660 feet of 18-inch, Twin-Wall, HDPE CPP weighs 6.40 lb/ft, or a total of 4,224 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, risers, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of Steel (Iron Pipe Size) pipeline. Steel (IPS) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from ½-inch to 36-inch; typical practice sizes range from 2-inch to 18-inch; and typical scenario size is 6-inch. Construct 1/4 mile (1,320 feet) of 6-inch, Schedule 10, Galvanized Steel Pipe with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum feet of ground cover. The unit is the weight of pipe material in pounds. 1,320 feet of 6-inch, Schedule 10, Galvanized Steel Pipe weighs 9.289 lb/ft, for a total of 12, 261 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, risers, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of Corrugated Steel Pipe (CSP) pipeline. Steel (CSP) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from 12-inch to 72-inch; typical practice sizes range from 12-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 18-inch. Construct 1/8 mile (660 feet) of 18-inch, 14-gauge, Galvanized Corrugated Steel Pipe (CSP) with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum 2 feet of ground cover. The unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 660 feet of 18-inch, 14-gauge, Galvanized CSP weighs 18.0 lb/ft, or a total of 11,800 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, risers, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Name:
PVC PIP, Remote Location or Adverse Installation Conditions

Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of PVC (Plastic Irrigation Pipe) pipeline. PVC (PIP) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from 4-inch to 27-inch; typical practice sizes range from 4-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 12-inch. Construct 1/4 mile (1,320 feet) of 12-inch, Class 50 (SDR-81.0), PVC PIP with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum of 2 feet of ground cover. The unit is weight of pipe in pounds. 1,320 feet of 12-inch, Class 50 (SDR-81.0) PVC PIP weighs 3.594 lb/ft, or a total of 4,744 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, risers, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). The cost of the alfalfa valve is included in the cost, this valve is not included in appurtenances. Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters or backflow preventers. This scenario is strictly for installation of pipelines in remote locations that are at least 50 miles or more from the source of equipment or materials or for pipelines with adverse installation conditions such as trenching in excessively rocky terrain or high water tables. This scenario does not apply to pipelines requiring select backfill due to pipe size. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Description:
Installation of a micro hydroelectric power plant concurrently with the installation of an irrigation pipeline. Energy generated from installation can be used to provide on-farm agricultural electrical power, such as to power a center pivot. Typical size of installation is 10 kilowatts. Resource Concerns: Inefficient use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436- Irrigation Reservoir; 441 Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442- Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443- Irrigation System, Surface and Subsurface.

Before:
Pipeline needed to replace or supplement existing inefficient irrigation conveyance system. Sufficient flow rate and head are available to make installation and operation of micro hydroelectric power plant feasible.

After:
Irrigation pipeline installed to convey and/or distribute water to irrigation systems or reservoirs, minimizing conveyance losses, reducing soil erosion, and/or reducing energy use. Micro hydroelectric power plant is installed to generate energy to provide on-farm electrical power.


Scenario_Description:
Installation of a micro hydro-mechanical c power plant concurrently with the installation of an irrigation pipeline. Energy generated from installation can be used to provide on-farm agricultural mechanical power, such as to power the movement of a center pivot. Typical size of installation is 5 horsepower. Resource Concerns: Inefficient use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436- Irrigation Reservoir; 441 Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442- Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443- Irrigation System, Surface and Subsurface.

Before:
Pipeline needed to replace or supplement existing inefficient irrigation conveyance system. Sufficient flow rate and head are available to make installation and operation of micro hydro-mechanical power plant feasible.


Scenario_Description:
The reservoir, created by an embankment built across a natural depression, with an 18" diameter principal spillway outlet through the embankment, is controlled by a canal-style gate. Outlet can also serve as overflow protection with a 12" diameter standpipe and tee to the 18" pipe. Any watershed runoff will be diverted around reservoir. It will be built with approximately 4,500 cubic yards of on-site material. It will be about 19.9 feet high and 200 feet long and hold approximately 1,000,000 gallons (3 acre-feet). The top of berm will be 10 feet wide and the embankment side slopes will be 2.5 H to 1 V up and down stream. Resource concern: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water. Associated practices include: 521 - Pond Sealing or Lining (various); 320 - Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 428 - Irrigation Ditch Lining; 533 - Pumping Plant; 440 series - Irrigation Systems; 378 - Pond; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 484 - Mulching; and 342 - Critical Area Planting.

Before:
Current system relies on an intermittent or low-flow rate water source. This results in untimely and/or inefficient water application. Divert water around - no spillway

After:
This is an embankment, installed across a natural off-stream intermittent watercourse, used to store water for subsequent irrigation. It will be used to accumulate and store water for timely and efficient application of water through an irrigation system The water source could be a well, irrigation district pipeline, and/or a pump from a stream. It is designed to deliver water by gravity to an open ditch or non-pressurized pipeline, generally in excess of 5 cfs. All earthen materials will be from on-site sources.


Scenario_Description:
The reservoir, created by an embankment built across a natural depression, with an 18" diameter principal spillway through the embankment, is controlled by a canal-style gate. It will be built with approximately 4,500 cubic yards of material from off the site. It will be about 19.9 feet high and 200 feet long and hold approximately 1,000,000 gallons (3 Ac-Ft.). The top of berm will be 10 feet wide and the embankment side slopes will be 2.5 H to 1 V up and down stream. Resource concern: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water. Associated Practices: 521 - Pond Sealing or Lining (various); 320 - Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 428 - Irrigation Ditch Lining; 533 - Pumping Plant; 440 series - Irrigation Systems; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 378 - Pond; 484 - Mulching; and 342 - Critical Area Planting.

Before:
Current system relies on an intermittent or low-flow rate water source. This results in untimely and/or inefficient water application.

After:
This is an embankment, installed across a natural off-stream intermittent watercourse, used to store water for subsequent irrigation. It will be used to accumulate and store water for timely and efficient application of water through an irrigation system The water source could be, a well, irrigation district pipeline, and/or a pump from a stream. It is designed to deliver water by gravity to an open ditch or non-pressurized pipeline, generally in excess of 5 cfs. All earthen materials will be from off-site sources.


Scenario_Description:
This is a small rectangular embankment reservoir with a 10" diameter principal spillway through the embankment controlled by a canal-type gate. It is designed to accumulate, store, and deliver water by gravity to an open ditch or non-pressurized pipeline, in excess of 5 cfs. It will have an inside dimension of about 375 feet square, with 12 feet of fill and about 1600 feet total length of embankment (along the centerline). The embankment top will be 10 feet wide and the side slopes will no steeper than 2.5 H to 1 V inside and out. It will be built with approximately 28,500 cubic yards of on-site material. It will have a maximum water depth of 10 feet with 2 feet of freeboard and no auxiliary spillway. Volume is approximately 30 ac-ft (10,000,000 gallons). Resource Concern: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water. Associated Practices: 521 - Pond Sealing or Lining (various); 320 - Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 428 - Irrigation Ditch Lining; 533 - Pumping Plant; 440 series - Irrigation Systems; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 378 - Pond; 484 - Mulching; and 342 - Critical Area Planting.

After:
The square reservoir will be built on a relatively flat site and be used to accumulate and store water for timely application through an irrigation system. The water source could be a stream, an irrigation well, or an irrigation district canal.


Scenario_Description:
This is a very large embankment reservoir with a 18" diameter drain pipe through the embankment controlled by a canal-type gate. It is designed to accumulate, store, and deliver water by gravity to an open ditch or non-pressurized pipeline, in excess of 5 cfs. It will have a top width of 12ft and centerline length of embankment of 5,280 feet. Average fill of 10 feet and the side slopes will be no steeper than 3 H to 1 V inside and out. It will be built with approximately 105,000 cubic yards of on-site material. It will have a maximum water depth of 8 feet with 2 feet of freeboard and no auxiliary spillway. Volume is approximately 320 ac-ft (104,500,000 gallons). Critical Area Planting and Mulching is required. Resource Concern: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water. Associated Practices: 521 - Pond Sealing or Lining (various); 320 - Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 428 - Irrigation Ditch Lining; 533 - Pumping Plant; 440 series - Irrigation Systems; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 378 - Pond; 484 - Mulching; and 342 - Critical Area Planting.

After:
The rectangular reservoir will be built on a relatively flat site and be used to accumulate and store water for timely application through an irrigation system. The water source could be a stream or an irrigation district canal.


Scenario_Description:
This is an excavated pit with a control structure. It is designed to accumulate, store, deliver or regulate water for a surface irrigation system. It will have a bottom width of 20 ft and length of 1,250 feet. The side slopes will be no steeper than 1.5 H to 1 V inside and out. It will be built with approximately 20,000 cubic yards of on-site material. It will have a maximum water depth of 10 feet with 1 feet of freeboard. Volume is approximately 12 ac-ft (3,950,303 gallons). Resource concern: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water. Associated Practices: 521 - Pond Sealing or Lining (various); 320 - Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 428 - Irrigation Ditch Lining; 533 - Pumping Plant; 440 series - Irrigation Systems; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 378 - Pond; 484 - Mulching; and 342 - Critical Area Planting.

After:
An excavated regulating reservoir will be built on a relatively flat site and be used to accumulate and store water for timely application through an irrigation system. The water source could be a stream or an irrigation district canal.


Scenario_Description:
A 20,000 Gallon, above ground, enclosed fabricated Steel or bottomless Corrugated Metal (with plastic liner and cover) tank with fittings, is installed on 6" of well compacted drain rock support pad with sand padding (CM tank), to store water from a reliable source for irrigation of an area less than 5 acres. The scenario assumes the typical dimensions of the tank are 24 feet in diameter and 6 feet tall. The scenario also assumes a 28 feet diameter gravel base pad to extend a minimum of 2 feet past the base of tank for adequate foundation support. This cost estimate scenario is for cost of the tank and pad only and does not include the cost for pumps, pipe, or fittings for the pipeline. Resource Concern: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water. Associated Practices: 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 533 - Pumping Plant; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery.

Before:
Insufficient volume of water to complete an irrigation cycle at the required flow rate.

After:
An above ground, enclosed fabricated steel or bottomless corrugated metal tank (with plastic liner and cover), capable of withstanding the elements, is used to accumulate and store water between irrigation cycles for a small irrigation system. This allows for an improved flow rate and timing of water application. Sources of water could be a well, a domestic water system, a very large roof area, a water ram , or a pump drawing water from a stream.


Scenario_Description:
A 3,000 Gallon, above-ground, High Density Polyethylene plastic enclosed tank, is installed on 6" of well-compacted drain rock or a 4" thick reinforced concrete support pad, to store water from a reliable source for irrigation of an area less than one acre. The scenario assumes the typical dimensions of the tank are 102" in diameter and 93" tall. The scenario also assumes a 126" diameter gravel base or concrete pad to extend a minimum of 12" past the base of tank for adequate foundation support. This cost estimate scenario is for cost of the tank and pad only and does not include estimate for pumps, pipe, or connecting fittings. Resource Concern: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water. Associated Practices: 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 533 - Pumping Plant; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery.

After:
An above-ground plastic tank, constructed to withstand the elements, is used to accumulate and store water between irrigation cycles for a very small irrigation system. This allows for an improved flow rate and timing of water application. Sources of water could be a well, a domestic water system, a large roof area, a water ram , or a pump drawing water from a stream.


Scenario_Description:
A 10,000 Gallon above ground, enclosed, fiberglass tank, is installed on 6" of well compacted drain rock support pad. The tank is used to store water from a reliable source for irrigation of areas less than 3 acres. The scenario assumes the typical dimensions of the tank are 15 feet in diameter and 8 feet tall. The scenario also assumes a 19 feet diameter gravel base pad to extend a minimum of 2 feet past the base of tank for adequate foundation support. This cost estimate scenario is for cost of the tank and pad only and does not include estimate for pumps, pipe, fittings for the pipeline, or catchment area. Resource Concern: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water. Associated Practices: 430 - Irrigation Pipeline; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 533 - Pumping Plant; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery.

After:
A large fiberglass enclosed tank, capable of withstanding the elements, is used to accumulate and store water between irrigation cycles for a very small irrigation system. This allows for an improved flow rate and timing of water application and better efficiency. Sources of water could be a well, a domestic water system, a very large roof area, a water ram , or a pump drawing water from a stream.


Scenario_Description:
Relatively smaller irrigation reservoir constructed such that the capacity is obtained from both excavation and embankment material. Single pipe conduit for outflow consisting of an 18" diameter pipe to control up to 4 cfs. Excavated material is used to construct an embankment surrounding the excavation in which both retain irrigation water. Embankment is compacted with a minimum of two passes of construction equipment and the final 6-8 inches is roller compacted to reduce seepage losses. No auxiliary spillway.

Before:
Irrigated cropland/hayland and some pasture with river, stream or ditch water source. Current system relies on an intermittent or low-flow rate water source. This results in untimely and/or inefficient water application.

After:
A dependable water source or more efficient delivery for an improved irrigation system.


Practice:
441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation

Scenario_Description:
A subsurface drip irrigation system (SDI) with a lateral spacing between 37-59 inches. This buried drip irrigation system utilizes a thinwall dripperline or tape with inline emitters at a uniform spacing for the system laterals. The dripperline or tape is normally installed by being plowed in approx. 10-14 inches deep with a chisel shank type plow equipped with tape reels. This type of drip irrigation system utilizes a buried supply manifold with automated zone control valves and a buried flush manifold with manual flush valves. This permanent micro-irrigation system includes an automated filter station, flow meter, backflow prevention device, automated control box or timer, the thinwall dipperline or tape for laterals, both a supply and a flushing manifold and numerous types of water control valves. This is an all-inclusive system starting with the filter station including all required system components out to the flush valves. Does not include Pump, Power source, Water source (well or reservoir), Flow meter. The water supply line from the water source to the filter station is an irrigation pipeline (430) and is not included as part of this system Resource Concerns: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water, Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable plant productivity and health, Water Quality Degradation - Excessive sediment in surface waters, and Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and facilities. Associated Practices: 533-Pumping Plant, 449- Irrigation Water Management, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 433 - Irrigation Flow Measurement, 587-Structure for Water Control, 610 - Salinity & Sodic Soil Management, 434 - Soil Moisture Measurement, 328-Conservation Crop Rotation, and 590 Nutrient Management.

Before:
Typical before irrigation situation would normally be an existing inefficient surface or sprinkler irrigation system on a cropland or hayland field. The existing irrigation system would experience poor, non-uniform irrigation applications and significant water losses affecting both water quantity and water quality

After:
A typical practice would be the installation of a subsurface drip irrigation system (SDI) on a 60 acre cropland or hayland field. The system lateral (thinwall dripperline or tape) spacing would 40 inches. This highly efficient SDI (buried) irrigation system provides irrigation water directly to the plant root zone eliminating application losses resulting in a very high water application efficiency and properly designed these SDI systems are capable of very uniform water applications. Typical field size is 60 acres.


Scenario_Description:
A micro-irrigation system, utilizing surface PE tubing (can be placed on trellis or above ground) with emitters to provide irrigation for an orchard, vineyard, or other specialty crop grown in a grid pattern. The typical system is a permanent system, installed on a 60 acre vineyard on the ground surface or trellis. The vineyard has a plant spacing of 8 feet x 9 feet. Laterals are spaced 9 feet apart. This system utilizes emitters at each tree or plant as the water application device. This system typically includes a filter system, PE tubing laterals, PVC manifolds, and submains, valves, fittings, emitters, etc. This practice applies to systems designed to discharge < 60 gal/hr at each individual lateral discharge point. Does not include Pump, Power source, Water source (well or reservoir), Flow meter. Resource Concerns: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water, Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable plant productivity and health, Water Quality Degradation - Excessive sediment in surface waters, and Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and facilities. Associated Practices: 533-Pumping Plant, 449- Irrigation Water Management, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 433 - Irrigation Flow Measurement, 587-Structure for Water Control, 610 - Salinity & Sodic Soil Management, 434 - Soil Moisture Measurement, 328-Conservation Crop Rotation, and 590 Nutrient Management.

Before:
A vineyard has an inefficient surface flood irrigation system causing irrigation water loss that impacts water quality and water quantity.

After:
A surface placed micro irrigation system is utilized to provide highly efficient irrigation to an vineyard. Water applications are reduced and runoff eliminated. Offsite water quality is improved, and on site water use is reduced.


Scenario_Description:
A micro-irrigation system, utilizing micro-jets to provide irrigation and\or frost protection for an orchard or other specialty crops grown in a grid pattern. The system is installed with all fittings, control valves, pressure reducing/regulating valves, air/vacuum release, sand media/screen/disc filters, pressure gauges, submains (subsurface), lateral lines (subsurface), and micro-jet sprayers to deliver water to the trees. This practice applies to systems designed to discharge < 60 gal/hr at each individual lateral discharge point. Does not include Pump, Power source, Water source (well or reservoir), Flow meter.. The typical installation is a permanent, microjet -irrigation system installed on a 60 acre orchard. Typical tree spacing is 20' x 20 feet. Resource Concerns: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water, Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable plant productivity and health, Water Quality Degradation - Excessive sediment in surface waters, and Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and facilities. Associated Practices: 533-Pumping Plant, 449- Irrigation Water Management, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 433 - Irrigation Flow Measurement, 587-Structure for Water Control, 610 - Salinity & Sodic Soil Management, 434 - Soil Moisture Measurement, 328-Conservation Crop Rotation, and 590 Nutrient Management.

Before:
An orchard has an inefficient irrigation system causing irrigation water loss that impacts water quality and water quantity.

After:
A micro-spray micro irrigation system is utilized to provide highly efficient irrigation to an orchard. Water applications are reduced and runoff eliminated. Offsite water quality is improved, and on site water use is reduced.


Scenario_Description:
A portable watering facility for livestock constructed of structural foam, polyethylene, galvanized steel or other similar UV resistant material of adequate strength, with 300 gallon capacity placed on the ground. This installation provides adequate quality and quantity of water for storage and or direct drinking access when coupled with a higher volume supply. All watering facilities will be constructed from approved durable materials that have a life expectancy that meets or exceeds the planned useful life of the installation. This watering facility will address the resource concerns of inadequate supply of water for livestock, habitat degradation, water quality, and undesirable plant productivity and health.

Before:
This practice applies to all land uses where there is a need for new or improved watering facilities for livestock and or wildlife during the entire year, where water is not available in sufficient quantities at specific locations, and habitat, water quality, plant productivity and health needs to be improved.

After:
A portable watering facility for livestock constructed of structural foam, polyethylene, galvanized steel or other similar UV resistant material of adequate strength, with 300 gallon capacity placed on the ground, with all tank materials, tank plumbing and float valve, to provide adequate water storage capacity to ensure an adequate supply and quality of water for livestock or wildlife for storage and or direct drinking access and provides improved plant productivity and health, water quality, and habitat. All watering facilities are constructed from approved durable materials that have a life expectancy that meets or exceeds the planned useful life of the installation and installed with required plumbing. Portable tanks are ideal for management intensive grazing systems where adaptive management is required and typically increases the benefits realized. All needed pipelines are installed using Livestock Pipeline (516). All collectors or catchments for collecting precipitation will be addressed by using Water Harvesting Catchment (636). Any needed water source installation will use Water Well (642), Pumping Plant (533), Spring Development (574), or Livestock Pipeline (516) as appropriate. Areas around watering facilities where animal concentrations or overflow from the watering facility will cause resource concerns will be protected by using Heavy Use Area Protection (561) as appropriate.


Scenario_Description:
Install 500 feet of 6" approved plastic pipe to convey stormwater from one location to a suitable and stable outlet. Costs include 6" SDR-35 pipe, Precast concrete drop inlet with steel grate, trench excavation, trench backfill, rodent guard and laid up stone headwall at outlet. This practice is often installed in conjunction with terraces, diversions, sediment control basins, waterways or similar practices.

Before:
Excessive sedimentation and soil erosion as a result of gully, rill or sheet erosion which exceeds "T" from farm fields and other locations. Also, roof runoff or surface runoff that becomes contaminated with agricultural wastes that significantly contributes to the amount of runoff that has to be stored or treated.

After:
Field system meets "T" or "clean" storm water runoff is diverted away from an agricultural waste management system to minimize the volume of runoff that is contaminated by agricultural waste. Associated practices are Critical Area Planting (342), Grassed Waterway ( 412), Terrace (600), Diversion (342), Water and Sediment Control Basin (638), and Subsurface Drainage (606)


Scenario_Description:
Install 500 feet of 6" approved plastic pipe to convey stormwater from one location to a suitable and stable outlet. Costs include 6" HDPE corrugated single wall plastic tubing, 8" Perforated PVC Riser Inlet, trench excavation, trench backfill, rodent guard and laid up stone headwall at outlet. This practice is often installed in conjunction with terraces, diversions, sediment control basins, waterways or similar practices.


Scenario_Description:
Install 500 feet of 10" approved plastic pipe to convey stormwater from one location to a suitable and stable outlet. Costs include 10" HDPE pipe, Precast concrete drop inlet with steel grate, trench excavation, trench backfill, rodent guard and laid up stone headwall at outlet. This practice is often installed in conjunction with terraces, diversions, sediment control basins, waterways or similar practices.


Scenario_Name:
Underground Outlet - 8-12 inch with Riser

Scenario_Description:
Install 500 feet of 10" approved plastic pipe to convey stormwater from one location to a suitable and stable outlet. Costs include 10" HDPE pipe, and 10" Perforated PVC Riser Inlet, trench excavation, trench backfill, rodent guard and laid up stone headwall at outlet. This practice is often installed in conjunction with terraces, diversions, sediment control basins, waterways or similar practices.


Scenario_Description:
Install 500 feet of 18" approved plastic pipe to convey stormwater from one location to a suitable and stable outlet. Costs include 18" HDPE pipe, Precast concrete drop inlet with steel grate, trench excavation, bedding material, trench backfill, rodent guard and laid up stone headwall at outlet. This practice is often is installed in conjunction with terraces, diversions, sediment control basins, waterways or similar practices.


Scenario_Description:
Install 500 feet of 24" approved plastic pipe to convey stormwater from one location to a suitable and stable outlet. Costs include 24" HDPE pipe, Precast concrete drop inlet with steel grate, 24" HDPE pipe, trench excavation, bedding material, trench backfill, rodent guard and laid up stone headwall at outlet. Practice is often installed in conjunction with terraces, diversions, sediment control basins, waterways or similar practices.


Scenario_Description:
Install 500 feet of 30" approved plastic pipe to convey stormwater from one location to a suitable and stable outlet. Costs include 30" HDPE pipe, Precast concrete drop inlet with steel grate, trench excavation, bedding material, trench backfill, rodent guard and laid up stone headwall at outlet. This practices is often installed in conjunction with terraces, diversions, sediment control basins, waterways or similar practices.


Scenario_Description:
Install 500 feet of 36" approved plastic pipe to convey stormwater from one location to a suitable and stable outlet. Costs include 36" HDPE pipe, Precast concrete drop inlet with steel grate, trench excavation, bedding material, trench backfill, rodent guard and laid up stone headwall at outlet. This practice is often installed in conjunction with terraces, diversions, sediment control basins, waterways or similar practices.


Scenario_Description:
This practice scenario includes the in house windrowing of poultry litter to promote pasteurization between flocks. The purpose of the practice is to address resource concerns related to water quality degradation due to (excess nutrient and pathogens) and air quality impacts (PM & PM precursors, and objectionable odors). Associated practices: Amendments for Treatment of Agricultural Waste (591), Waste Storage Facility (313), & Nutrient Management (590)

Before:
A poultry operation typically removes part of the litter and bedding between flocks, called a cakeout. A full cleanout of litter and bedding is typically done once every 1-3 years depending on the operation. Over time, the accumulation of poultry waste in the litter contributes to an increase in odors and high ammonia emissions in the house contribute to impacts on bird health.

After:
This scenario assumes 4 flocks per year in an operation with 2 - 42 x 500 square foot houses. Three (3) in-house pasteurization events will be performed annually. There will be a full cleanout after the 4th flock. Formula to calculate the total number of pasteurization events per year on a 1000 SF basis: (Square Feet of house) / 1000 SF X (Number of houses) X (Number of pasteurization events) = Number of 1000SF. 21,000 SF / 1000 SF X 2 houses X 3 events = 126 units of 1000SF In house pasteurization of poultry litter is achieved by windrowing the litter in the house. The process takes approximately one week. This process successfully addresses the air quality impacts (ammonia emissions, PM and PM precursors) and bird health resource concerns. This process also improves the quality of poultry litter that must be spread on farmland. Bird health is improved and bird mortality is reduced.

Feature_Measure:
Surface Area of housing floor windrowed per year in 1000 SF


Scenario_Name:
Milking Parlor Waste Treatment System with Dosing System and Bed

Scenario_Description:
This practice scenario includes a dosed treatment system with bark bed for milking parlor wastewater. The purpose of the practice is to address resource concerns related to water quality degradation due to (excess nutrient, salts and pathogens). Associated practices: Nutrient Management (590), Pumping Plant (533), Fence (382), & Waste Storage Facility (313)

Before:
Milkhouse waste water currently outlets in an untreated manner which presents potential soil, water and air quality concerns.

After:
This scenario assumes that the treatment system is designed for 500 gal/day of wastewater from the milking parlor. It assumes a two tank scenario. The grease trap acts as the primary settling basin. The wastewater overflows into the septic tank, which is then dosed to the treatment bed (bark bed or leaching gallery). It is assumed that the treatment bed is dosed at 0.16 gal/square ft (3125 sq ft). To maintain bark bed performance, additional bark may need to be added every 3 to 5 years as an O&M task. This practice scenario reduces nutrient content, organic strength, or pathogen levels of agricultural waste; improve air quality by reducing odors and gaseous emissions (methane or ammonia).


Scenario_Name:
Milking Parlor Waste Treatment System with Dosing System

Scenario_Description:
This practice scenario includes a dosed treatment system for milking parlor wastewater that will outlet to a constructed wetland and/or vegetated treatment area and/or other acceptable treatment. The purpose of the practice is to address resource concerns related to water quality degradation due to (excess nutrient, salts and pathogens). Associated practices: Constructed Wetland (656), Vegetated Treatment Area (635), Waste Transfer (634), Nutrient Management (590), Pumping Plant (533), Fence (382), & Waste Storage Facility (313)

After:
This scenario assumes that the treatment system is designed for 500 gal/day of wastewater from the milking parlor. It assumes a two tank scenario. The grease trap acts as the primary settling basin. The wastewater overflows into the septic tank, which is then dosed to a treatment area (constructed wetland and/or vegetated treatment area and/or other acceptable treatment). This practice scenario reduces nutrient content, organic strength, or pathogen levels of agricultural waste; improve air quality by reducing odors and gaseous emissions (methane or ammonia).


Scenario_Description:
This practice scenario includes installation of an aerator into a liquid storage pond or tank that has a surface area less than 1 acre. The purpose of the practice is to address resource concerns related to water quality degradation due to (excess nutrient and pathogens) and air quality impacts (PM & PM precursors, and objectionable odors). Associated practices: Nutrient Management (590) and Waste Storage Facility (313)

Before:
A dairy, swine, or other agricultural operation in which the waste goes into a storage pond. The pond is not managed as an anaerobic lagoon and the nutrients stratify over time and odors are objectionable. It is difficult to properly estimate the nutrient content being pumped onto the land because of the stratification. There is also not enough aerobic microbial activity in the pond to prevent objectionable odors.

After:
This scenario assumes that the producer would like to increase oxygen content in the storage pond and mix the waste for even nutrient distribution. Under aerobic conditions microorganisms can convert nutrients and odors will be reduced. Nutrient content of the liquid waste is more uniform which is better for uniform agronomic application rates improving nutrient management and to protect air and water quality resources.


Scenario_Description:
This practice scenario includes installation of an aerator into a liquid storage pond or tank with a surface area larger than 1 acre. The purpose of the practice is to address resource concerns related to water quality degradation due to (excess nutrient and pathogens) and air quality impacts (PM & PM precursors, and objectionable odors). Associated practices: Nutrient Management (590) and Waste Storage Facility (313)

After:
This scenario assumes that the producer would like to increase oxygen content in the storage pond and mix the waste for even nutrient distribution. Under aerobic conditions microorganisms can convert nutrients and odors will be reduced. Nutrient content of the liquid waste is more uniform which is better for uniform agronomic applications rates improving nutrient management and to protect air and water quality resources.


Scenario_Description:
This practice scenario is a permeable organic cover applied to the liquid surface of a waste storage facility that has a surface area less than or equal to 2 acres. Straw cover applications can remain on top of the pond for between 2 and 6 months. The cover will reduce radiation and wind velocity over the surface of a manure storage to reduce transmission of odors and act as a medium for growth of microorganisms that utilize carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to decompose odorous compounds. Associated practices include Waste Storage Facility (313).

Before:
This practice is applicable on a dairy or swine operation in which the waste goes into a liquid storage pond or tank and the bio-treatment of emissions will improve air quality. The maximum recommended surface area is 2 acres.

After:
Permeable organic cover applied to the liquid surface of a waste storage or treatment facility. Organic materials often used as covers include straws, cornstalks and peat moss. Typical application is an 8" straw application on a 120' diameter storage tank every 3 months. The scenario unit calculation is (Surface Area of Pond)*(Number of applications per year). For this scenario, the calculation is: (120/2)^2*pi *4 = 45,239sf Organic covers can reduce odors up to 90 percent if the straw cover is 12" deep.

Feature_Measure:
Surface Area of Pond or Tank per application


Scenario_Name:
Swine Waste, Phosphorus Reduction System

Scenario_Description:
This practice scenario includes infrastructure to remove phosphorus from swine operation wastewater in watersheds with limited land for application and the phosphorus index is rated High or greater. The purpose of the practice is to address resource concerns related to water quality degradation (excess nutrients). Associated practices: Nutrient Management (590), Waste Storage Facility (313), Irrigation Water Conveyance, Pipeline (430), Irrigation System, Sprinkler (442), Irrigation System, Microirrigation (442)

Before:
Untreated swine lagoon water is applied to fields in a watershed where the phosphorus index is rated High or greater.

After:
This scenario assumes that swine wastewater is treated with a phosphorus reduction system. The precipitated phosphorus, in the form of struvite, can be collected and sold to commercial fertilizer producers. The treated wastewater may be able to be agronomically applied at higher application rates and/or on fewer acres. This system has been shown to decrease movement of phosphorus particles into waterways.


Scenario_Description:
A vertical shaft such as a well, pipe, pit or bore, drilled into a permeable substratum into which surface and subsurface drainage water is channeled. Well will be installed with earth backfill over geotextile over 2 foot of aggregate laid over 6 Cubic yards of concrete around the concrete pipe. Associated practices Filter strips (393), Grassed Waterway (412), and Sediment Basins (350) will be used as needed to provide suitable filtering and removing of sediment from water before entering well. Other associated practices are Critical area planting (342), Fence (382), Diversion (362), Open Channel (582), Subsurface Drain (606), Lined Waterway (468), Underground Outlet (620).

Before:
A sinkhole is eroding, fields around sinkhole are flooding and ponding water with inadequate outlets and surface water is being contaminated with pesticide, nutrients and sediment. Resource concerns include excessive nutrients and organics in surface water, harmful levels of pesticides in surface water, classic gully soil erosion, excessive runoff, flooding or ponding, inadequate outlets and aquifer overdraft.

After:
Installation of 30" reinforced concrete pipe ten foot long with earth backfill over geotextile over 2 foot of aggregate laid over 6 Cubic yards of concrete around the pipe. The sinkhole treatment will provide adequate outlet for drainage water, protect surface water quality and provide control of erosion due to surface runoff into a natural sinkhole. Associated practices Filter strips (393), Grassed Waterway (412), and Sediment Basins (350) will be used as needed to provide suitable filtering and removing of sediment from water before entering well. Other associated practices are Critical area planting (342), Fence (382), Diversion (362), Open Channel (582), Subsurface Drain (606), Lined Waterway (468), Underground Outlet (620).


Scenario_Description:
A small mechanical separation facility to partition solids, liquids, and/or associated nutrients from animal waste streams. The partitioning of the previously mentioned components facilitates the protection of air and water quality, protects animal health, and improves the management of an animal waste management system. Mechanical separators may include, but are not limited to: static inclined screens , vibratory screens, rotating screens, centrifuges, screw or roller presses, or other systems. Associated practices include Nutrient Management (590), Composting Facility (317), Anaerobic Digester (366), Waste Storage Facility (313), Waste Recycling (633), Waste Transfer (634), Amendments for the Treatment of Agricultural Waste (591), Pumping Plant (533), Vegetated Treatment Area (635), Pond Lining or Sealing (521A-D), and Waste Treatment (629).

Before:
Applicable to situations where partitioning solids, liquids, and nutrients will facilitate the management of an animal waste management system, improve air quality (reduce odors), and address water quality concerns.

After:
One small mechanical separation facility (a vibratory or rotating screen) installed at livestock facility before storage or treatment or after treatment, for example, after an anaerobic digester. Part of an animal waste management system.


Scenario_Description:
An earthen structure, such as a basin or a terrace or dike like structure, used to capture and separate a portion of the solids from a liquid stream from a feedlot or confinement facility. A concrete pad should be installed on the bottom of the basin and around outlet structures to facilitate cleanout. Removes as portion of the solids to facilitate waste handling and to address water quality concerns. Associated practices include Nutrient Management (590), Composting Facility (317), Anaerobic Digester (366), Waste Storage Facility (313), Waste Recycling (633), Waste Transfer (634), Vegetated Treatment Area (635), Pond Lining or Sealing (521A-D), and Waste Treatment (629).

After:
One earthen settling basin structure (60 ft top width by 200 ft top length by 3 ft deep with 2.5:1 side slopes, with three screening outlet structures) constructed around or at a livestock feeding operation. Removes a portion of the solids that otherwise would leave with the runoff from an animal feeding operation. Part of an animal waste management system.


Scenario_Description:
A concrete structure, such as a basin with concrete walls and floor, used to capture and separate a portion of the solids from a liquid stream from a feedlot or confinement facility. Removes as portion of the solids to facilitate waste handling and to address water quality concerns. Associated practices include Nutrient Management (590), Composting Facility (317), Anaerobic Digester (366), Waste Storage Facility (313), Waste Recycling (633), Waste Transfer (634), Pumping Plant (533), Vegetated Treatment Area (635), Pond Lining or Sealing (521A-D), and Waste Treatment (629).

After:
One concrete settling basin structure (20 ft wide by 30 ft long with 3 ft high walls and weeping wall/picket structure or outlet control) constructed around or at a livestock feeding operation. Removes a portion of the solids that otherwise would leave with the runoff from an animal feeding operation. Part of an animal waste management system.


Scenario_Description:
A concrete basin containing multiple cells with concrete walls and floor. Basin cells use gravity and time to separate a portion of the solids from a liquid waste stream from a drylot dairy, animal production or confinement facility. Often used where manure is cleaned by flushing. Use of multiple separation cells allows for the continuous operation and management of the waste stream to be altered between cells thereby providing time for the solids portion to drain to be handled as a solid, according to the nutrient management plan. Removes a portion of the solids to facilitate waste handling and to address water quality concerns. Associated practices include Nutrient Management (590), Composting Facility (317), Anaerobic Digester (366), Waste Storage Facility (313), Waste Recycling (633), Waste Transfer (634), Pumping Plant (533), Vegetated Treatment Area (635), Pond Lining or Sealing (521A-D), and Waste Treatment (629).

Before:
Applicable to situations and locations where partitioning solids, liquids, and nutrients will facilitate the management of an animal waste management system, improve air quality (reduce odors), and address water quality concerns.

After:
One concrete gravity settling basin containing multiple cells. The multi cell basin structure is 70 feet wide by 80 ft long and 6 ft deep with an additional 10:1 entrance ramp. There are three cells to the basin with a clean out ramp the width of the structure on just one end. The center cell, used to drain the liquid portion, has 6 ft reinforced concrete "T" walls with weeping wall structures. The center cell design volume is considered no more than half full to maintain drainage of the facility. The two outside cells collecting the separated solids (25 ft x 80 ft x 6 ft plus ramp storage) have outside walls that are designed to store the solid settled portion of the waste. The waste stream enters the basin at either of the outside cells via a waste transfer component, the liquid portion of the waste flows into the center cell where it is then pumped to a waste storage facility. The pump and long-term liquid and solid waste storage facilities are contracted separately. Basin removes a portion of the solids that otherwise make handling the waste stream solids content difficult to manage over time. Part of an animal waste and nutrient management system.


Scenario_Description:
A concrete structure, a concrete lane with curbs, used to capture and separate a portion of the solids, mainly sand, from a liquid stream from a confinement facility. Removes as portion of the solids to facilitate waste handling and to address water quality concerns. Associated practices include Nutrient Management (590), Composting Facility (317), Anaerobic Digester (366), Waste Storage Facility (313), Waste Recycling (633), Waste Transfer (634), Pumping Plant (533), Vegetated Treatment Area (635), Pond Lining or Sealing (521A-D), and Waste Treatment (629).

After:
One concrete settling lane structure (25 ft wide by 200 ft long by 0.5 ft thick) constructed around or at a livestock feeding operation. Removes a portion of the solids (sand) that otherwise would leave with the runoff from an animal feeding operation. Part of an animal waste management system.


Scenario_Name:
Lignosulfonate Application - Once per Year

Scenario_Description:
Application of an adhesive (i.e., lignosulfonate) as a dust suppressant once per year to an unpaved road or other unpaved surface where vehicle or wind action may result in emissions of particulate matter without treatment. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
The unpaved surface is graded and potholes are filled once per year. An adhesive, such as lignosulfonate, is applied via truck once per year as a dust suppressant to the unpaved surface with a minimization of overlap and avoidance of over-application. Once the dust suppressant is applied, the treated surface is compacted. This scenario assumes a treated area of 1/4 mile in length and 12 feet in width. Associated practices include 560 - Access Road, 472 - Access Control, 561 - Heavy Use Area Protection, 342 - Critical Area Planting, 635 - Vegetated Treatment Area, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 516 - Pipeline, 533 - Pumping Plant, 449 - Irrigation Water Management, 484 - Mulching, and 380 - Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment.


Scenario_Name:
Petroleum Emulsion Application - Once per Year

Scenario_Description:
Application of a petroleum emulsion as a dust suppressant once per year to an unpaved road or other unpaved surface where vehicle or wind action may result in emissions of particulate matter without treatment. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
The unpaved surface is graded and potholes are filled once per year. A petroleum emulsion is applied via truck once per year as a dust suppressant to the unpaved surface with a minimization of overlap and avoidance of over-application. Once the dust suppressant is applied, the treated surface is compacted. This scenario assumes a treated area of 1/4 mile in length and 12 feet in width. Associated practices include 560 - Access Road, 472 - Access Control, 561 - Heavy Use Area Protection, 342 - Critical Area Planting, 635 - Vegetated Treatment Area, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 516 - Pipeline, 533 - Pumping Plant, 449 - Irrigation Water Management, 484 - Mulching, and 380 - Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment.


Scenario_Name:
Polymer Emulsion Application - Once per Year

Scenario_Description:
Application of a polymer emulsion, such as polyacrylamide (PAM), as a dust suppressant once per year to an unpaved road or other unpaved surface where vehicle or wind action may result in emissions of particulate matter without treatment. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
The unpaved surface is graded and potholes are filled once per year. A polymer emulsion is applied via truck once per year as a dust suppressant to the unpaved surface with a minimization of overlap and avoidance of over-application. Once the dust suppressant is applied, the treated surface is compacted. This scenario assumes a treated area of 1/4 mile in length and 12 feet in width. Associated practices include 560 - Access Road, 472 - Access Control, 450 - Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) Application, 561 - Heavy Use Area Protection, 342 - Critical Area Planting, 635 - Vegetated Treatment Area, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 516 - Pipeline, 533 - Pumping Plant, 449 - Irrigation Water Management, 484 - Mulching, and 380 - Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment.


Scenario_Name:
Clay Additive Application - Once per Year

Scenario_Description:
Application of a clay additive as a dust suppressant once per 5 years to an unpaved road or other unpaved surface where vehicle or wind action may result in emissions of particulate matter without treatment. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
The unpaved surface is graded and potholes are filled prior to the application. A clay additive is applied once per 5 years as a dust suppressant to the unpaved surface and mixed into the surface with a water application and road grading or other mechanical mixing. This scenario assumes a treated area of 1/4 mile in length and 12 feet in width. Associated practices include 560 - Access Road, 472 - Access Control, 561 - Heavy Use Area Protection, 342 - Critical Area Planting, 635 - Vegetated Treatment Area, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 516 - Pipeline, 533 - Pumping Plant, 449 - Irrigation Water Management, 484 - Mulching, and 380 - Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment.


Scenario_Description:
Replacement of a conventional exhaust fan with high volume, low speed, efficient exhaust fan. Fans being installed should be models previously tested by BESS Lab or the Air Movement and Control Association and be in top 20 percentile of fans tested. Practice certification will be through receipts and pictures from the applicant. Typical scenario includes the replacement of a 48" fan.

Before:
Inefficient ventilation in an agricultural building.

After:
High-efficiency ventilation system which reduces energy use. The new ventilation equipment will provide suitable air quality and reduce overall power requirements (kW) compared to the existing ventilation system as evidenced in an energy audit. Associated practices/activities: may include 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
A system of fans are installed to create a horizontal air circulation pattern; the new system promotes efficient heat and moisture distribution. In a typical 10,000 square foot greenhouse, 10 HAF fans are needed. Fan performance meets Energy Audit efficiency criteria as tested by AMCA or BESS Labs.

Before:
Inefficient air circulation system in a greenhouse.

After:
High-efficiency air circulation system which reduces energy use. The new equipment will provide suitable air quality and reduce overall power requirements (kW) compared to the existing system as evidenced in an energy audit. Associated practices/activities: may include 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
The installation of all stainless steel dual pass plate cooler, type 316 stainless steel. Practice certification will be through receipts and pictures from the applicant.

Before:
Inefficient milk cooling (minimal pre-cooling of milk before entering the bulk tank).

After:
High-efficiency milk cooling system which reduces energy use. The new milk cooling equipment will pre-cool the milk and reduce overall power requirements (kW) compared to the existing milk cooling system (where most of the cooling was accomplished in the bulk tank) as evidenced in an energy audit. Associated practices/activities: may include 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
Install a new scroll compressor, associated controls, wiring, and materials to retrofit an existing refrigeration system. A new condenser is not included in this typical scenario. Typical scenario includes a new 5 horsepower scroll compressor.

Before:
Inefficient reciprocating compressor as a key component of the refrigeration system used to cool milk. The compressor is a critical part of a milk cooling system, affecting milk quality, system reliability, and system efficiency.

After:
A more efficient scroll compressor, which will reduce energy use, is evidenced by the energy audit. A comparably sized scroll compressor provides refrigeration capacity at a higher efficiency than a reciprocating compressor. Newer scroll compressor systems typically reduce electricity use by 15 to 25 percent compared to reciprocating compressors. Associated practices/activities: may include 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
The typical scenario consists of a variable speed drive (VSD) and appurtenances, such as hook-ups, control panels, wiring, control blocks, filters, switches, pads, etc. attached to an electric motor used to drive a ventilation fan, irrigation pumps, vacuum pump, or similar equipment involved with agricultural production. The motor size, on which the VSD is added, is larger than 5 HP.

Before:
The system is inefficient when a motor operates at constant speed to satisfy a load which varies as to flow rate and/or pressure requirements.

After:
An on-farm energy audit has determined that energy use can be reduced through use of a VSD to control electric motors. After the VSD is applied, the motor speed can be adjusted to reduce power requirements and better match varied flow or pressure requirements. Associated practices/activities: may include 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
The typical scenario consists of an automatic control system installed on an existing manually controlled agricultural system. Typical components may include any of the following: wiring, sensors, data logger, logic controller, communication link, software, switches, and relay.

Before:
A manually controlled system is existing in an agricultural facility that causes the inefficient use of energy, as evidenced by an on-farm energy audit.

After:
An on-farm energy audit has determined that energy use can be reduced through use of an automatic controller that helps regulates the energy consumption of the existing system. Associated practices/activities may include: 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
The typical scenario consists of replacing an existing electric motor used to drive a ventilation fan, irrigation pumps, vacuum pump, or similar equipment involved with agricultural production with a new, high efficiency motor. The motor size is larger than 100 horsepower.

Before:
The system is inefficient with a standard efficiency motor.

After:
An on-farm energy audit has determined that energy use can be reduced through use of a NEMA premium efficiency motor. Associated practices/activities may include: 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
The typical scenario consists of replacing an existing electric motor used to drive a ventilation fan, irrigation pumps, vacuum pump, or similar equipment involved with agricultural production with a new, high efficiency motor. The motor size is equal to or larger than 10 and less than or equal to 100 horsepower.


Scenario_Description:
The typical scenario consists of replacing an existing electric motor used to drive a ventilation fan, irrigation pumps, vacuum pump, or similar equipment involved with agricultural production with a new, high efficiency motor. The motor size is larger than 1 and less than 10 horsepower.


Scenario_Description:
The typical scenario consists of replacing an existing electric motor used to drive a ventilation fan, irrigation pumps, vacuum pump, or similar equipment involved with agricultural production with a new, high efficiency motor. The motor size is less than or equal to 1 horsepower.


Scenario_Description:
Replace "pancake" Brood Heaters in a poultry house with Radiant Tube Heaters, or similar. Replacement will require the materials and labor to remove existing heating system, re-plumb gas lines, cables and wench system to retrofit new radiant tube heaters, and miscellaneous items to complete the installation. Alternate acceptable radiant heating systems can include radiant brooders and quad radiant systems as evidenced by the energy audit. The typical scenario consists of the replacement of 28 brood heaters with 6 radiant tube heaters.

Before:
Inefficient heat distribution equipment, such as conventional "pancake" brood heaters. The Pancake brooder, mounted at a low installation height, primarily warms the air. They provide a one-to-two foot perimeter at desired temperatures around each brooder. A large number of brooders are required to cover a significant percent of floor space. As the warmed air naturally rises it loses effectiveness for poultry on the ground.

After:
Energy use is reduced through installation of a more efficient heater. Radiant tube heaters primarily warm objects within a direct line of sight (similar to the sun or an open fire). Air temperature is of relatively little importance for a radiant heating systems to be effective. As a result, radiant systems are typically installed 5' or more above the floor level. This height extends the distribution of the radiant heat over a larger area than is possible with pancake style heaters. A roughly 16' diameter radiant heat zone heats over twice that of a conventional pancake brooder. Associated practices/activities may include: 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
Replace existing low efficiency heaters with new high efficiency heaters. High-efficiency heating systems include any heating unit with efficiency rating of 80%+ for fuel oil and 90%+ for natural gas and propane. Applications may be air heating/building environment and hydronic (boiler) heating for agricultural operations, including under bench, or root zone heating. An alternative to heater replacement might be the addition of climate control system and electronic temperature controls with +/- 1 degree F differential, to reduce the annual run time.

Before:
Buildings heated with low efficiency heaters or heaters without proper electronic climate controls

After:
Higher efficiency heaters reduce energy consumption, energy costs, and GHG emissions. These replacement systems can be fueled by natural gas, propane, or fuel oil. Associated practices/activities: 122-AgEMP - HQ and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
Install actuated inlets or automatic latching gravity inlets that draw warmer, drier air from the attic to assist with moisture and heat control when ventilation fans are being operated in poultry houses and swine barns. Other systems to transfer heat, as detailed in ASABE S612-compliant energy audit may also be used. Based on a 40' x 500' poultry house.

Before:
Heated buildings with attic spaces but no means to transfer heat between the heated space, attic, and ambient (outside) air when relative conditions allow for reduced energy use.

After:
Attic vents or inlets allow dry warm air from the attic to circulated through out the building. By using pre-warmed air from the attic less energy is needed for heating 122-AgEMP - HQ and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
A replacement continuous dryer rated for an appropriate rated bushel/per hour capacity for the operation that includes a microcomputer-based control system that adjusts the amount of time the crop remains in the dryer in order to achieve a consistent and accurate moisture content in the dried product. Alternate types of replacement dryers which reduce energy use are acceptable as evidenced by the energy audit. The typical operation requires a rated capacity of 860 bushels per hour.

Before:
Wet crop is loaded in the top of a horizontal, continuous dryer. Dried crop is augured from the bottom of the dryer. The heated air from the unit's burners passes from the burner plenum through the grain. An on-farm energy audit has identified inefficient manual control of the dryer where the operator controls the plenum temperature and the discharge auger speed to achieve the desired final moisture content. Moisture content is based on measurement of grain leaving the dryer. The plenum temperature setting depends on the moisture content of crop with a typical value of 220 F. The burner cycles on and off, automatically, as necessary to maintain the plenum temperature selected by the operator.

After:
Energy use is reduced through installation of a more efficient continuous dryer that uses a microcomputer-based controller to reduce over drying and total time of operation. Associated practices/activities may include: 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
Replace existing livestock waterers with a low energy livestock waterers on a one-to-one basis.

Before:
Facilities utilizing low efficiency livestock waterers

After:
Higher efficiency livestock waterers reduce energy consumption, energy costs, and GHG emissions. The new waterers will reduce overall power requirements (kW) compared to the existing equipment as evidenced in an energy audit. Associated practices/activities: 122-AgEMP - HQ and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a CAP 122 AgEMP - HQ or a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Name:
Water Heating - Compressor Heat Recovery

Scenario_Description:
Install a compressor heat recovery unit to an existing refrigeration system in order to capture heat extracted from milk during the refrigeration process. This heat is used to preheat water, reducing the amount of additional energy that needs to be supplied by a hot water heater.

Before:
A facility where heat from the refrigeration system is not captured to be utilized to preheat water.

After:
Compressor heat recovery units reduce energy consumption, energy costs, and GHG emissions. The new equipment will reduce overall power requirements (kW) compared to the existing equipment as evidenced in an energy audit. Associated practices/activities: 122-AgEMP - HQ and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a CAP 122 AgEMP - HQ or a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Name:
Ventilation - Replacement of Less Efficient Circulation Fan with High Volume Low Speed Fan

Scenario_Description:
Replacement of a less efficient circulation fan with a high volume, low speed, large diameter fan on a one for one basis. Practice certification will be through receipts and pictures from the applicant. Fan performance meets Energy Audit efficiency criteria as tested by AMCA or BESS Labs.

Before:
Inefficient air circulation system in an enclosed agricultural production structure

After:
High-efficiency air circulation system which reduces energy use. The new equipment will provide suitable air quality and reduce overall power requirements (kW) compared to the existing system as evidenced in an energy audit. Associated practices/activities: may include 122-AgEMP - HQ, and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a CAP 122 AgEMP - HQ or a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Description:
Replace existing low efficiency laundry equipment with a new high efficiency washer-extractor on a one-to-one basis. A typical application includes laundering prep towels in a dairy. This scenario is not intended for a residential application.

Before:
Facilities utilizing low efficiency laundry equipment

After:
Higher efficiency washer-extractor units reduce energy consumption, energy costs, and GHG emissions associated with laundry facilities at dairies. The new washer-extractor has a minimum Modified Energy Factor (MEF) of no lower than 2.2 (Cu.Ft./kWh)/cycle, and is typically a non-residential unit with a 30-40 lb dry load capacity. The new equipment will reduce overall power requirements (kW) compared to the existing equipment as evidenced in an energy audit. Associated practices/activities: 122-AgEMP - HQ and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a CAP 122 AgEMP - HQ or a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Scenario_Name:
Water Heating - High Efficiency or Tankless Water Heater

Scenario_Description:
Replace existing low efficiency hot water heaters with a new high efficiency water heater or a tankless water heater on a one-to-one basis. High-efficiency hot water heaters include those with an energy rating of 0.9+ for electric and 0.8+ for natural gas. Tankless water heaters should be direct vented and fitted with a high temperature spin down filter. A typical application includes heating wash water for the milking system and bulk tank in a dairy. This scenario is not intended for a residential application.

Before:
A dairy utilizes low efficiency water heaters to heat wash water for the milking system and bulk tank. This scenario is not intended for a residential application.

After:
Higher efficiency or tankless hot water heaters reduce energy consumption, energy costs, and GHG emissions. These replacement systems can be fueled by natural gas or propane. The new equipment will reduce overall power requirements (kW) compared to the existing equipment as evidenced in an energy audit. Associated practices/activities: 122-AgEMP - HQ and other activities within 374-Farmstead Energy Improvement. The resource concern is inefficient use of energy in the farm operation which increases dependence on non-renewable energy sources and can be addressed through improved energy efficiency. Any improvements are based on a CAP 122 AgEMP - HQ or a Type 2 energy audit meeting the requirements of ASABE S612.


Practice:
375 - DUST CONTROL FROM ANIMAL ACTIVITY ON OPEN LOT SURFACES

Scenario_Description:
Removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation once per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out to reduce emissions of particulate matter. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

Before:
The confined animal operation conducts a manure clean-out once per year. There is a dry, loose manure layer that is subject to animal activity resulting in emissions of particulate matter that cause nuisance dusting or visibility-impairment effects.

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, an additional manure harvesting removes the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. This manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture.

Feature_Measure:
Pen Surface Area, Including Working Alleys


Scenario_Description:
Removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out to reduce emissions of particulate matter. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, two additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvesting - More Than Twice per Year

Scenario_Description:
Removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation more than twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out to reduce emissions of particulate matter. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, four additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture.


Scenario_Name:
Solid-Set Sprinkler System, Less than 20 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of less than 20 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

Before:
The confined beef feedlot does not supply additional moisture to the pens and working alleys. There is a dry, loose manure layer that is subject to animal activity resulting in emissions of particulate matter that cause nuisance dusting or visibility-impairment effects.

After:
A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 15 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Description:
Installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of 20-60 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 35 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Solid-Set Sprinkler System, Greater than 60 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of greater than 60 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 100 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Description:
Use of a mobile truck-mounted sprinkler on a confined animal operation. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
A mobile truck-mounted sprinkler is used once per day to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/working alleys from animal manure and urine. The application is intended to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. Associated practices include 436 - Irrigation Reservoir and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-1 per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System, Less than 20 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation once per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of less than 20 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

Before:
The confined animal operation conducts a manure clean-out once per year and does not supply additional moisture to the pens and working alleys. There is a dry, loose manure layer that is subject to animal activity resulting in emissions of particulate matter that cause nuisance dusting or visibility-impairment effects.

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, an additional manure harvesting removes the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. This manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is also installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 15 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-1 per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System, 20-60 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation once per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of 20-60 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, an additional manure harvesting removes the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. This manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is also installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 35 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-1 per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System, Greater than 60 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation once per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of greater than 60 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, an additional manure harvesting removes the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. This manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is also installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 100 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-1 per Year and Truck-Mounted Mobile Sprinkler System

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation once per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and use of a mobile truck-mounted sprinkler on a confined animal operation. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, an additional manure harvesting removes the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. This manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A mobile truck-mounted sprinkler is used once per day to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/working alleys from animal manure and urine. The application is intended to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. Associated practices include 436 - Irrigation Reservoir and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-2 per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System, Less than 20 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of less than 20 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, two additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is also installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 15 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-2 per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System, 20-60 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of 20-60 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, two additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is also installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 35 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-2 per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System, Greater than 60 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of greater than 60 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, two additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is also installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 100 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-2 per Year and Truck-Mounted Mobile Sprinkler System

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and use of a mobile truck-mounted sprinkler on a confined animal operation. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, two additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A mobile truck-mounted sprinkler is used once per day to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/working alleys from animal manure and urine. The application is intended to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. Associated practices include 436 - Irrigation Reservoir and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-More Than Twice per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System, Less than 20 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation more than twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of less than 20 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, four additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is also installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 15 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-More Than Twice per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System, 20-60 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation more than twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of 20-60 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, four additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is also installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 35 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-More Than Twice per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System, Greater than 60 Acres

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation more than twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system on a confined animal operation with a pen and working alley area of greater than 60 acres. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, four additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is also installed to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/alley from animal manure and urine. The system is designed to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. This scenario has a typical pen/alley area of 100 acres. Associated practices include 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 436 - Irrigation Reservoir, 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler, 516 - Pipeline, and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-More Than Twice per Year and Truck-Mounted Mobile Sprinkler System

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation more than twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and use of a mobile truck-mounted sprinkler on a confined animal operation. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, four additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. A mobile truck-mounted sprinkler is used once per day to provide enough water addition to meet the maximum total daily wet soil evaporation rate, with allowances for moisture input to pens/working alleys from animal manure and urine. The application is intended to avoid excessive overlap and over-application of water. Associated practices include 436 - Irrigation Reservoir and 533 - Pumping Plant.


Scenario_Description:
Labor for the active management of an installed solid-set sprinkler system for dust control at a confined animal operation to improve the system performance. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

Before:
A solid-set dust control sprinkler system is installed. However, the confined animal operation is not actively managing the sprinkler system to optimize performance.

After:
In subsequent years following the installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system, the confined animal operation provides appropriate labor to actively manage the sprinkler system, thereby improving the reliability and effectiveness of the system.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-1 per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System Labor

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation once per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and labor for the active management of an installed solid-set sprinkler system for dust control at a confined animal operation to improve the system performance. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

Before:
The confined animal operation conducts a manure clean-out once per year and a solid-set dust control sprinkler system is installed. However, the confined animal operation is not actively managing the sprinkler system to optimize performance.

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, an additional manure harvesting removes the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. This manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. In subsequent years following the installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system, the confined animal operation provides appropriate labor to actively manage the sprinkler system, thereby improving the reliability and effectiveness of the system.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-2 per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System Labor

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and labor for the active management of an installed solid-set sprinkler system for dust control at a confined animal operation to improve the system performance. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, two additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. In subsequent years following the installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system, the confined animal operation provides appropriate labor to actively manage the sprinkler system, thereby improving the reliability and effectiveness of the system.


Scenario_Name:
Manure Harvest-More Than Twice per Year and Solid-Set Sprinkler System Labor

Scenario_Description:
Combination of removal of loose, dry layer of manure from a confined animal operation more than twice per year in addition to a regular annual manure clean-out and labor for the active management of an installed solid-set sprinkler system for dust control at a confined animal operation to improve the system performance. The specific resource concern to be addressed is "Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM) and PM Precursors".

After:
In addition to the annual manure clean-out, four additional manure harvesting efforts remove the dry, loose manure layer from the pens and working alleys. Each manure harvesting will leave a 1-2 inch layer of well-compacted manure above the mineral soil and a smooth pen/alley surface to deter ponding of moisture. In subsequent years following the installation of a solid-set dust control sprinkler system, the confined animal operation provides appropriate labor to actively manage the sprinkler system, thereby improving the reliability and effectiveness of the system.


Practice:
376 - Field Operations Emissions Reduction

Scenario_Description:
Utilize equipment that allows a reduction the tillage passes through the field and/or utilizing precision GPS guidance to avoid overlap of tillage passes across the field per crop rotation. Utilize this practice only when residue and STIR values cannot be achieved when using the associated Residue and Tillage Management Practices: 329-No Till or 345-Reduced Tillage to achieve the air quality resource concern. The resource concern addressed is improved air quality by reducing combustion and particulate matter emissions primarily from tillage. The scenario costs are based on tillage equipment or GPS technology to achieve reduce tillage passes.

Before:
Tillage operations are performed individually; each operation requiring a tractor or other power implement to pull the tillage implement resulting in multiple passes across the field. Each pass creates soil particulate emissions contributing to the area's reduced air quality.

After:
A 376 Field Operations Emissions Reduction plan is developed showing a reduced number of field passes across the field (benchmark system compared to the planned system). As a result of applying this practice soil particulates in the air is reduced and the area's air quality is improved.


Scenario_Description:
Utilize equipment that allows a reduction of tillage passes through the field and/or precision GPS guidance to avoid overlap of tillage passes across the field per crop rotation. Utilize this practice only when residue and STIR values cannot be achieved when using the associated Residue and Tillage Management Practices: 329-No Till or 345-Reduced Tillage to achieve the air quality resource concern. The resource concern addressed is improved air quality by reducing combustion and particulate matter emissions primarily from tillage. The scenario cost is based on tillage equipment or GPS technology to achieve reduced tillage passes.


Scenario_Description:
A low-hazard water impoundment structure on agricultural lands to improve water quality and to provide water for livestock, fish and wildlife, recreation, fire control, crop and orchard irrigation, and other related uses. Pond is created solely by excavation and impounds less than 3 feet against the embankment or spoil. Excavated material is spoiled, not placed in a designed embankment. Earthen spillway is constructed as needed. The resource concerns addressed include inadequate livestock water, excessive suspended sediment and turbidity in surface water, damage from sediment deposition, and reduced capacity of conveyances by sediment deposition.

Before:
Area exists where water could naturally pool or run off to create a pond for livestock, wildlife, fire control or irrigation. Failure of the pond will not result in loss of life; damage to homes, commercial or industrial buildings, main highways, or railroads; or in interruption of the use or service of public utilities.

After:
The typical pond is constructed by excavating 3100 cubic yards and spreading the spoil outside the pool area using a dozer or similar excavation equipment. Vegetation will be completed under critical area planting (342). Other associated practices include 382, 516, 521A, 533, 614, 587, 396.


Scenario_Description:
A water impoundment structure on agricultural land to improve water quality or to provide water for livestock, fish and wildlife, fire control, and other related uses. An earthen embankment will be constructed with an earthen auxiliary spillway. The resource concerns addressed include inadequate livestock water, excessive suspended sediment and turbidity in surface water, damage from sediment deposition, and reduced capacity of conveyances by sediment deposition.

Before:
Area exists where water could naturally pool or run off to create a pond for livestock, wildlife, and fire control. Failure of the embankment will not result in loss of life or damages of any kind.

After:
The typical pond is constructed by excavating the pool area, constructing the auxiliary spillway, preparing the foundation as designed, and using 8933 cubic yards (200 foot long dam; 20 foot tall) to create an embankment. Cut-off trench using 307 cubic yards (200-foot long with side slopes of 2:1)The product of the storage times the effective height of the dam is less than 3,000. The effective height of the dam is 35 feet or less. The earthen auxiliary spillway will be constructed as designed. No principle spillway pipe will be used. Vegetation will be completed under critical area planting (342). Other associated practices include 382, 516, 521A, 533, 614, 587, 396.


After:
The typical pond is constructed by excavating the pool area, constructing the auxiliary spillway, preparing the foundation as designed, and using 8933 cubic yards (200 foot long dam; 20 foot tall) to create an embankment. Cut-off trench using 307 cubic yards (200-foot long with side slopes of 2:1)The product of the storage times the effective height of the dam is less than 3,000. The effective height of the dam is 35 feet or less. The earthen auxiliary spillway will be constructed as designed. Vegetation will be completed under critical area planting (342). Other associated practices include 382, 516, 521A, 533, 614, 587, 396.


Scenario_Description:
Native or non-native trees are planted to enhance existing agroforest conditions or develop an agroforest on cropland where shrubs, trees, and/or dwarf trees will grow. Resource concerns are degraded plant condition - Inadequate structure and composition, and excessive plant pest pressure (invasive species); Inadequate habitat for fish and wildlife - habitat degradation; and soil erosion - sheet and rill; .

Before:
The agroforest lacks an overstory of trees, and that is negatively affecting existing plants growing on the site. Other shrub species exist and landowner desires to establish a forest overstory improve growing conditions and diversity. Wildlife species are also negatively impacted due to no connectivity to forests. Production and quality of agroforest products are less than desirable. Full sunlight exposure affects shrub health. Ground cover is lacking and sheet and rill erosion occurs during hard rainfall events. Exotic/invasive plants are an issue.

After:
The typical Agroforest is <1ac to 5 ac, 2 ac is average. Native or non-native trees were planted that will grow and provide shade for the existing managed shrubs and/or trees and to create habitat that will benefit terrestrial species. Tree leaves will also provide ground cover, organic matter and wood products.


Scenario_Name:
Native Shrub Planting (native or non-native)

Scenario_Description:
Native or non-native shrubs are planted to enhance the current agroforest conditions. The land management goal is to diversify understory species that provide dual benefit - for the landowner and native wildlife species. Resource concerns that need to be addressed are degraded plant condition - Inadequate structure and composition, Undesirable plant productivity and health.

Before:
Current setting is a single story forest, either monoculture or multi-culture, that is lacking desirable understory species. The understory may be comprised of introduced grasses, or unwanted, noxious, and/or invasive species. The current understory vegetation provides little habitat value for native wildlife species, and may encourage non-native specie use.

After:
The agroforest is small in size - <1 to 5 acres, 2 is average. Established shrubs enhance economic opportunities along with diversifying the understory of a single or multi-story agroforest improving the overall plant diversity of the landscape. Additional canopy cover reduces rain drop impact on the soil, and leaf litter decomposes on site improving soil conditions. Some trees in the overstory may be removed to match sunlight requirements of newly established shrubs.


Scenario_Description:
Single 500 foot row of shrubs for wind protection, wildlife habitat, or snow management. Shrubs planted by hand 4 feet apart. This practice is typically applied to crop, pasture or range lands. Resource Concerns to be addressed may include: Soil Erosion (wind); Excess/Insufficient Water (drifted snow, inefficient moisture management); Water Quality Degradation (excess nutrients in surface waters, excessive sediment in surface waters,); Degraded Plant Condition (undesirable plant productivity and health); Inadequate habitat for Fish and Wildlife (food, cover/shelter, continuity); Inefficient Energy Use (facilities, farming/ranching practices and field operations).

Before:
Agricultural field, livestock paddock, feedlot or farmstead needing protection from wind, additional wildlife food and cover, or management of snow deposition

After:
Wind velocity suitably reduced to reduce soil erosion, or to manage snow deposition. Additional wildlife food and cover.


Scenario_Description:
Single 500 foot row of conifer tree seedlings for wind protection, wildlife habitat, or snow management. Trees planted by hand 10 feet apart. This practice is typically applied to crop, pasture or range lands. Resource Concerns to be addressed may include: Soil Erosion (wind); Excess/Insufficient Water (drifted snow, inefficient moisture management); Water Quality Degradation (excess nutrients in surface waters, excessive sediment in surface waters,); Degraded Plant Condition (undesirable plant productivity and health); Inadequate habitat for Fish and Wildlife (food, cover/shelter, continuity); Inefficient Energy Use (facilities, farming/ranching practices and field operations).


Scenario_Name:
2-row windbreak, shrubs, machine planted

Scenario_Description:
Two 500 foot rows of shrubs for wind protection, energy conservation, wildlife habitat, air quality, snow management or to provide a visual screen. Shrubs planted with a tree planting machine 4 feet apart in the row with rows 16 feet apart. This practice is typically applied to crop, pasture or range lands. Resource Concerns to be addressed include: Soil Erosion (wind); Excess/Insufficient Water (drifted snow, inefficient moisture management); Water Quality Degradation (excess nutrients in surface waters, pesticides transported to surface waters, excessive sediment in surface waters,); Degraded Plant Condition (undesirable plant productivity and health); Inadequate habitat for Fish and Wildlife (food, cover/shelter, continuity); Livestock Production Limitation (inadequate shelter); Air Quality Impacts (emission of particulate matter, objectionable odors); Inefficient Energy Use (facilities, farming/ranching practices and field operations).

Before:
Agricultural field, livestock paddock, feedlot or farmstead needing protection from wind, additional wildlife food and cover, odor mitigation, visual screen or management of snow deposition

After:
Wind velocity suitably reduced to reduce soil erosion, energy loss or to manage snow deposition. Additional wildlife food and cover, mixing of odor plumes and visual screening.


Scenario_Description:
Two 500 foot rows of hardwood trees for wind protection, energy conservation, wildlife habitat, air quality, snow management or to provide a visual screen. Trees planted with a tree planting machine 10 feet apart in the row with rows 16 feet apart. Herbivores (deer, rabbits, etc.) are NOT expected to browse tree seedlings, tree protection is not needed. This practice is typically applied to crop, pasture or range lands. Resource Concerns to be addressed include: Soil Erosion (wind); Excess/Insufficient Water (drifted snow, inefficient moisture management); Water Quality Degradation (excess nutrients in surface waters, pesticides transported to surface waters, excessive sediment in surface waters,); Degraded Plant Condition (undesirable plant productivity and health); Inadequate habitat for Fish and Wildlife (food, cover/shelter, continuity); Livestock Production Limitation (inadequate shelter); Air Quality Impacts (emission of particulate matter, objectionable odors); Inefficient Energy Use (facilities, farming/ranching practices and field operations).


Scenario_Name:
2-row windbreak, trees, machine planted, with tubes

Scenario_Description:
Two 500 foot rows of hardwood tree seedlings for wind protection, energy conservation, wildlife habitat, air quality, snow management or to provide a visual screen. Trees planted with a tree planting machine 10 feet apart in the row with rows 16 feet apart. Herbivore (deer, rabbits, etc.) damage is likely, so each tree must be protected with a rigid tube tree shelter. This practice is typically applied to crop, pasture or range lands. Resource Concerns to be addressed include: Soil Erosion (wind); Excess/Insufficient Water (drifted snow, inefficient moisture management); Water Quality Degradation (excess nutrients in surface waters, pesticides transported to surface waters, excessive sediment in surface waters,); Degraded Plant Condition (undesirable plant productivity and health); Inadequate habitat for Fish and Wildlife (food, cover/shelter, continuity); Livestock Production Limitation (inadequate shelter); Air Quality Impacts (emission of particulate matter, objectionable odors); Inefficient Energy Use (facilities, farming/ranching practices and field operations).


Scenario_Name:
3 or more row windbreak, shrub, machine planted

Scenario_Description:
Three or more 500 foot rows of shrubs for wind protection, energy conservation, wildlife habitat, air quality, snow management. Shrubs planted with a tree planting machine, 4 feet apart in the row with rows 16 feet apart. This practice is typically applied to crop, pasture or range lands. Resource Concerns to be addressed include: Soil Erosion (wind); Excess/Insufficient Water (drifted snow, inefficient moisture management); Water Quality Degradation (excess nutrients in surface waters, pesticides transported to surface waters, excessive sediment in surface waters,); Degraded Plant Condition (undesirable plant productivity and health); Inadequate habitat for Fish and Wildlife (food, cover/shelter, continuity); Livestock Production Limitation (inadequate shelter); Air Quality Impacts (emission of particulate matter, objectionable odors); Inefficient Energy Use (facilities, farming/ranching practices and field operations).

Before:
Agricultural field, livestock paddock, feedlot or farmstead needing protection from wind, additional wildlife food and cover, odor mitigation, visual screening or management of snow deposition


Scenario_Name:
3 or more tree rows machine planted windbreak

Scenario_Description:
Three or more 500 foot rows of trees for wind protection, energy conservation, wildlife habitat, air quality, snow management or to provide a visual screen. The outside rows are conifers the inside row(s) are hardwoods. Trees 10 feet apart with rows 16 feet apart, planted with a tree planting machine. Herbivores are not expected to browse planted seedlings, so tree shelters are not needed. This practice is typically applied to crop, pasture or range lands. Resource Concerns to be addressed include: Soil Erosion (wind); Excess/Insufficient Water (drifted snow, inefficient moisture management); Water Quality Degradation (excess nutrients in surface waters, pesticides transported to surface waters, excessive sediment in surface waters,); Degraded Plant Condition (undesirable plant productivity and health); Inadequate habitat for Fish and Wildlife (food, cover/shelter, continuity); Livestock Production Limitation (inadequate shelter); Air Quality Impacts (emission of particulate matter, objectionable odors); Inefficient Energy Use (facilities, farming/ranching practices and field operations).


Scenario_Name:
3 or more row windbreak, trees, machine planted, with tubes

Scenario_Description:
Three or more 500 foot rows of hardwood trees for wind protection, energy conservation, wildlife habitat, air quality, snow management or to provide a visual screen. Trees planted with a tree planting machine 10 feet apart in the row with rows 16 feet apart. Herbivore (deer, rabbits, etc.) damage is likely, so each tree must be protected with a rigid tube tree shelter. This practice is typically applied to crop, pasture or range lands. Resource Concerns to be addressed include: Soil Erosion (wind); Excess/Insufficient Water (drifted snow, inefficient moisture management); Water Quality Degradation (excess nutrients in surface waters, pesticides transported to surface waters, excessive sediment in surface waters,); Degraded Plant Condition (undesirable plant productivity and health); Inadequate habitat for Fish and Wildlife (food, cover/shelter, continuity); Livestock Production Limitation (inadequate shelter); Air Quality Impacts (emission of particulate matter, objectionable odors); Inefficient Energy Use (facilities, farming/ranching practices and field operations).


Scenario_Name:
2-row windbreak, trees, machine planted, no fabric


Scenario_Description:
Commercial thinning of an existing stand of trees followed by establishment of native grasses.

Before:
10-acre pine plantation that is overstocked, with a basal area of 100 sq. ft. per acre. There is very little available forage for livestock, due to the dense shade of the tree canopy. Resource Concerns include Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable Plant Productivity and Health, Inadequate Structure and Composition, Wildfire Hazard, Excessive Biomass Accumulation; Livestock Production Limitation - Inadequate Feed and Forage, and Inadequate Livestock Shelter.

After:
The stand is thinned commercially to a basal area of 50 sq. ft. per acre, which will allow adequate sunlight to the forest floor for grass production, yet still provide shade and some protection from the elements for livestock and wildlife. Since thinning is done commercially, no harvesting costs are incurred. Debris is removed, all tree cutting will leave the shortest possible stump height. The soil is prepared for planting using chemical and mechanical means, then a mix of native warm-season grasses will be established, providing forage to livestock and wildlife. All Resource Concerns listed above are addressed.


Scenario_Name:
Commercial thinning & establishment of introduced grasses.

Scenario_Description:
Commercial thinning of an existing stand of trees followed by establishment of introduced grasses.

After:
The stand is thinned commercially to a basal area of 50 sq. ft. per acre, which will allow adequate sunlight to the forest floor for grass production, yet still provide shade and some protection from the elements for livestock and wildlife. Since thinning is done commercially, no harvesting costs are incurred. Debris is removed, all tree cutting will leave the shortest possible stump height. The soil is prepared for planting using chemical and mechanical means, then a mix of cool-season grasses and legumes will be established, providing forage to livestock and wildlife. All Resource Concerns listed above are addressed.


Scenario_Name:
Non-commercial thinning & establishment of native grasses.

Scenario_Description:
Non-commercial thinning of an existing stand of trees followed by establishment of native grasses.

After:
The stand is thinned non-commercially to a basal area of 50 sq. ft. per acre, which will allow adequate sunlight to the forest floor for grass production, yet still provide shade and some protection from the elements for livestock and wildlife. Debris is removed, all tree cutting will leave the shortest possible stump height. The soil is prepared for planting using chemical and mechanical means, then a mix of native warm-season grasses will be established, providing forage to livestock and wildlife. All Resource Concerns listed above are addressed.


Scenario_Name:
Non-commercial thinning & establishment of introduced grasses.

Scenario_Description:
Non-commercial thinning of an existing stand of trees followed by establishment of introduced grasses.

After:
The stand is thinned non-commercially to a basal area of 50 sq. ft. per acre, which will allow adequate sunlight to the forest floor for grass production, yet still provide shade and some protection from the elements for livestock and wildlife. Debris is removed, all tree cutting will leave the shortest possible stump height. The soil is prepared for planting using chemical and mechanical means, then a mix of cool-season grasses and legumes will be established, providing forage to livestock and wildlife. All Resource Concerns listed above are addressed.


Scenario_Name:
Native grasses established in existing tree stand

Scenario_Description:
Establishment of native grasses into an existing stand of trees that is already at an adequate density .

Before:
10-acre pine plantation woodlot that has a basal area of 50 sq. ft. per acre. There is very little available forage for livestock, due to undesirable species in the understory. Resource Concerns include Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable Plant Productivity and Health, Inadequate Structure and Composition; Livestock Production Limitation - Inadequate Feed and Forage.

After:
The soil is prepared for planting using chemical and mechanical means, then a mix of native warm-season grasses will be established, providing forage to livestock and wildlife. All Resource Concerns listed above are addressed.


Scenario_Name:
Introduced grasses established into existing tree stand

Scenario_Description:
Establishment of introduced grasses into an existing stand of trees that is already at an adequate density .

After:
The soil is prepared for planting using chemical and mechanical means, then a mix of cool-season grasses and legumes will be established, providing forage to livestock and wildlife. All Resource Concerns listed above are addressed.


Scenario_Description:
Establishment of trees and native grasses into a field that contains neither suitable forage nor suitable tree cover for a silvopasture system.

Before:
10-acre old field without suitable forage for livestock nor tree cover. There is very little available forage for livestock, due to undesirable species in the understory. Resource Concerns include Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable Plant Productivity and Health, Inadequate Structure and Composition; Livestock Production Limitation - Inadequate Feed and Forage, and Inadequate Livestock Shelter.

After:
The site will be prepared using chemical and mechanical means, a mix of native warm-season grasses will be established, and then 200 hardwood trees per acre will be planted, providing forage to livestock and wildlife, and, in time, producing a viable wood products crop. Per the conservation practice standard, livestock grazing will be deferred until the trees reach adequate height to resist damage, or use exclusion measures are established. All Resource Concerns listed above are addressed.


Scenario_Description:
Establishment of trees and introduced grasses and legumes into a field that contains neither suitable forage nor suitable tree cover for a silvopasture system.

After:
The site will be prepared using chemical and mechanical means, a mix of cool-season grasses and legumes will be established, and then 200 pine trees per acre will be planted, providing forage to livestock and wildlife, and, in time, producing a viable wood products crop. Per the conservation practice standard, livestock grazing will be deferred until the trees reach adequate height to resist damage, or use exclusion measures are established. All Resource Concerns listed above are addressed.


Scenario_Description:
Establishment of trees into an existing pasture that contains adequate native or introduced forage.

Before:
10-acre pasture with suitable forage for livestock. There is very little protection from the elements (sun, wind, etc.) available to the livestock. Additionally, there are no long-term wood products being produced. Resource Concerns include Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable Plant Productivity and Health, Inadequate Structure and Composition, Livestock Production Limitation - Inadequate Livestock Shelter.

After:
The site will be prepared using Tree/Shrub Site Preparation (490), if needed, and then 200 pine trees per acre will be planted, providing shade and wind protection to livestock and wildlife, and, in time, producing a viable wood products crop. Per the conservation practice standard, livestock grazing will be deferred until the trees reach adequate height to resist damage, or use exclusion measures are established. All Resource Concerns listed above are addressed.


Scenario_Description:
Multi-strand, Barbed or Smooth Wire - Installation of fence will allow for implementation of grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds. Constructed using fencing materials rather than a pre-manufactured gate.

Before:
On grazing lands health and vigor are negatively impacted by poor grazing distribution, timing of grazing and inadequate rest and recovery periods. Water quality is impacted by increased erosion and runoff, cattle access to water bodies is uncontrolled. Reduced vegetative cover increases the opportunity for encroachment of noxious and invasive weeds.

After:
Installation of fence will allow for implementation of grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds. Fence includes posts, wire, fasteners, gates, etc... Four strand wire is commonly installed. Fence will be installed with wildlife friendly considerations.


Scenario_Name:
Multi Strand Barbed or smooth Wire Difficult terrain

Scenario_Description:
Barbed, Smooth ,or Woven Wire Difficult Installation - Installation of fence in difficult situations will allow for implementation of grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds. Constructed using fencing materials rather than a pre-manufactured gate.

Before:
On grazing lands health and vigor are negatively impacted by poor grazing distribution, timing of grazing and inadequate rest and recovery periods. Water quality is impacted by increased erosion and runoff, cattle access to water bodies is uncontrolled. Reduced vegetative cover increases the opportunity for encroachment of noxious and invasive weeds. Fence installation conditions are for difficult sites such as poor access, steep slopes, rocky sites, dense brush, wet conditions etc.


Scenario_Description:
Woven - Installation of fence will allow for implementation of a grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds. Woven wire is typically used in applications with sheep, goats, hogs, wildlife exclusion, shelterbelt/tree protection, etc. Constructed using fencing materials rather than a pre-manufactured gate.

Before:
On grazing lands health and vigor are negatively impacted by poor grazing distribution, timing of grazing and inadequate rest and recovery periods. Water quality is impacted by increased erosion and runoff, livestock access to water bodies is uncontrolled. Reduced vegetative cover increases opportunity for encroachment of noxious and invasive weeds.

After:
Installation of fence will allow for implementation of a rotational grazing plan that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds. Woven wire fence includes posts, wire, fasteners, gates, etc... Woven wire is typically used in applications with sheep, goats, hogs, wildlife exclusion, shelterbelt/tree protection, etc.


Scenario_Description:
Electric - Installation of fence will allow for implementation of a grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds.

After:
Installation of fence will allow for implementation of grazing management that allows for an adequate rest and recovery period, protection of sensitive area, improved water quality, reduction of noxious and invasive weeds. Fence includes posts, wire, fasteners, gates, fence charger, etc... Two to three strand wire is commonly installed. Fence will be installed with wildlife friendly considerations.


Scenario_Name:
Restoration/conservation treatment following catastrophic events

Scenario_Description:
The use of a combination of hand (chainsaw) and heavy equipment similar to those used in logging to treat slash resulting from catastrophic events such as fire, wind, severe pest outbreak, ice storm, etc. This scenario will remove/treat the larger material the size of which is consistent with the large equipment used. Resource concerns include: Excessive plant pest pressure, Potential emissions of particulate matter, Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation, and Habitat degradation.

Before:
A large amount of slash and woody residue is created as a result of a non-silvicultural event such as a wind storm, wildfire, ice storm, pest outbreak, etc. Because the slash and residue is created by a catastrophic event that can cause tree-lodging, snags, broken tops, etc.; treatment is both difficult and dangerous. The presence of this material causes adverse effects on the forest include limiting access for management purposes, increasing the wildfire hazard, increasing the risk of potential harm to humans and livestock, and providing harboring sites for pests.

After:
The material resulting from the catastrophic event is reduced to a level that will minimize the resource concerns.


Scenario_Description:
Slash created from orchard/vineyard prunings is chipped or mulched and removed from the site in order to accomplish one or more purposes: reducing wildfire fuels and insect/disease substrate; improving access; and/or reducing potential risk to livestock and humans. Air emission reductions are achieved by chipping or shredding the materials in lieu of burning them. Material may be incorporated in the soil, used as a dust suppressant on unpaved roads or traffic areas. Resource concerns include Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation and Emissions of particulate matter.

Before:
Wood waste is either burned, creating an air quality issue, or left in place creating a wildfire hazard, an impediment to access, or a potential site for harboring pests. Energy conservation was not implemented.

After:
Treatment of pruning residue results in the reduction in air pollutants, energy conservation occurred, improvement in access, and the reduction of sites that can harbor pests.

Feature_Measure:
Acres of orchard/vineyard with slash created from pruning


Scenario_Name:
Woody residue/silvicultural slash treatment- light

Scenario_Description:
Treating an area of forest slash to reduce hazardous fuels and the risk of insect and disease, improve organic matter and reduce erosion while improving water quality. Slash is treated with both hand (cutting, lopping, etc.) and mechanically (masticating, chipping, etc.). Typically done by hand and light equipment. Resource concerns include: Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation and potential Excessive plant pest pressure.

Before:
Woody material resulting from a silvicultural practice such as pruning or a light thinning operation is causing both fire hazard and pest issues.


Scenario_Description:
A strip of permanent vegetation established at the edge or around the perimeter of an agricultural field. Practice includes seedbed prep and planting of organic seed for herbaceous species.

Before:
Before practice conditions may vary widely. Fields may have erosion issues from wind or water, a field border may be needed to manage pest populations, protect soil and water quality, provide wildlife food and cover, provide pollinator habitat, or a field border may be used to increase carbon storage and improve air quality. Water quality, soil erosion and/or wildlife food and cover may all be primary resource concerns.

After:
The 386 Implementation Requirements have been developed and applied for the site. This practice when applied around a field may support and connect other buffer practices while creating a buffer between organic systems and conventional cropping systems. Native grasses and legumes will be established in the field border to the extent needed to meet the resource needs and producer objectives. Minimum field border widths shall be based on NRCS local design criteria specific to the purpose for installing the practice. Species selected shall be adapted to the site, not function as a host for diseases of a field crop, and have physical characteristics necessary to control wind and water erosion to tolerable levels on the field border area.


Scenario_Description:
A strip of permanent vegetation established at the edge or around the perimeter of an agricultural field. Practice includes seedbed prep and planting of introduced species.

After:
The 386 Implementation Requirements have been developed and applied for the site. This practice when applied around a field may support and connect other buffer practices within and between fields. Introduced grasses and legumes will be established in the field border to the extent needed to meet the resource needs and producer objectives. Minimum field border widths shall be based on NRCS local design criteria specific to the purpose for installing the practice. Species selected shall be adapted to site, will not function as a host for diseases of a field crop, and have physical characteristics necessary to control wind and water erosion to tolerable levels on the field border area.


Scenario_Description:
A strip of permanent vegetation established at the edge or around the perimeter of a field. This practice may also apply to recreation land or other land uses where agronomic crops including forages are grown. Practice includes seedbed prep and planting of pollinator friendly species.

After:
The 386 Implementation Requirements have been developed and applied for the site. This practice when applied around a field may support and connect other buffer practices within and between fields. Pollinator herbaceous plantings will provide species which flower throughout the growing season. This provides a source of nectar for adult pollinators and a diversity of herbaceous material for immature pollinator life stages and for nesting. Minimum field border widths shall be based on NRCS local design criteria specific to the purpose for installing the practice. Species selected shall be adapted to site, will not function as a host for diseases of a field crop, and have physical characteristics necessary to control wind and water erosion to tolerable levels on the field border area.


Scenario_Description:
A strip of permanent vegetation established at the edge or around the perimeter of an agricultural field. Practice includes seedbed prep and planting of native species. The area of the field border is taken out of production.

After:
The 386 Implementation Requirements have been developed and applied for the site. This practice when applied around a field may support and connect other buffer practices within and between fields. Native grasses, legumes and forbs will be established in the field border to the extent needed to meet the resource needs and producer objectives. Minimum field border widths shall be based on NRCS local design criteria specific to the purpose for installing the practice. Native species shall be selected that do not function as a host for diseases of a field crop and have physical characteristics necessary to control wind and water erosion to tolerable levels on the field border area.


Scenario_Description:
This scenario is the construction of an Irrigation Field Ditch. Typical construction dimensions are 2' wide bottom x 2' deep x 1320' length with a side slope of 2:1. Resource concerns: Excess/Insufficient Water - Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water Associated Conservation Practices: 320-Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 443-Irrigation System, Surface or Subsurface Water; 533-Pumping Plant; 430-Irrigation Pipeline.


Scenario_Description:
Aquatic Wildlife: This scenario addresses inadequate herbaceous plant community function or diversity within the specific transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic habitats in rangeland, pasture, cropland, and forest where natural seeding methods and/or management is unlikely to improve the plant community within a reasonable time period. This scenario applies to work not covered under NRCS Conservation Practice Range Planting (528), Forage and Biomass Planting (512), Critical Area Planting (342), Filter Strip (393), Restoration and Management of Rare and Declining Habitats (643), Streambank and Shoreline Protection ( 580), Vegetated Treatment Area (635), Wetland Enhancement ( 659), or Wetland Restoration (657). This practice can be used nation wide. The typical setting for this scenario is usually a narrow strip between the aquatic and terrestrial habitats subject to intermittent flooding and saturated soils where the existing plant community has been disturbed, destroyed, or the species diversity is unable to provide adequate habitat. Where the establishment of a diverse riparian herbaceous plant community is desired, an adapted mix of grasses, sedges, rushes, ferns, legumes, and/or forbs tolerant to the site conditions will be planted. Grasses such as prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), sedges, rushes, and/or ferns will be planted using plugs. Additional site adapted species of grasses, legumes, and/or forbs may be added by broadcast and/or no-till or range drill seeding methods as necessary to accomplish the intended purpose(s). Where chemical control of undesirable vegetation, including invasive, is required to reduce competition for the desired plant community the Herbaceous Weed Control (315) practice should be used. Seedbed preparation may require LIGHT TILLAGE (disking). WHEN POLLINATOR HABITAT IS A CONSIDERATION: Include 5-10 adapted forb species that bloom sequentially throughout the growing season where feasible. To address the high diversity of riparian plant communities and their adjacent stream types that exist from the tropics to the tundra, and the deserts, prairies, mountains, and lowlands across the various regions and/or MLRA's, up to 20 adapted riparian plant community-specific scenarios may be required.

Before:
The riparian zone, the specific area between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, vegetation is currently an undesirable or inadequate stand of perennial or annual vegetation as determined by the NRCS Stream Visual Assessment Protocol score of less than 5 for those elements and natural reseeding or vegetation management is unlikely to improve the plant community within a reasonable amount of time. Existing vegetation does not provide adequate food, cover, and/or connectivity for riparian wildlife, and contributes insufficient amounts of organic matter for stream species food and cover. Riparian vegetation quality and/or quantity have been compromised by human activities and/or access of vehicles, people, and/or livestock to the extent that the riparian area and floodplain are not functioning to provide the necessary stream and riparian habitat components. Existing conditions often require suppression or eradication of current vegetation by conventional mechanical or chemical (Herbaceous Weed Control (315)) methods to ensure establishment success of the new planting. Soil quality may be reduced due to compaction and may require light tillage to prepare a proper seedbed.

After:
The riparian zone, the transitional zone between the terrestrial and aquatic habitats, is established to an adapted, diverse vegetative plant community and is under close management to insure long term survival and ecological succession. The quality and quantity of the riparian zone components are managed to support the species that depend on it for habitat as well as the functions it performs for stabilizing the streambank and/or shoreline, dissipating stream energy and trapping sediment, and improving and/or maintaining water quality. These functions include: stream temperature moderation through shading, recruitment of non-woody organic matter, habitat for terrestrial insects and other riparian dependent species, streambank integrity, and filtration of contaminants from surface run-off into the stream.


Scenario_Description:
Plugging: This scenario addresses inadequate herbaceous plant community function or diversity within the specific transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic habitats in rangeland, pasture, cropland, and forest where natural seeding methods and/or management is unlikely to improve the plant community within a reasonable time period. This scenario applies to work not covered under NRCS Conservation Practice Range Planting (528), Forage and Biomass Planting (512), Critical Area Planting (342), Filter Strip (393), Restoration and Management of Rare and Declining Habitats (643), Streambank and Shoreline Protection ( 580), Vegetated Treatment Area (635), Wetland Enhancement ( 659), or Wetland Restoration (657). This practice can be used nation wide. The typical setting for this scenario is usually a narrow strip between the aquatic and terrestrial habitats subject to intermittent flooding and saturated soils where the existing plant community has been disturbed, destroyed, or the species diversity is unable to provide proper function and/or adequate habitat. Where the establishment of a diverse riparian herbaceous plant community is desired, an adapted mix of grasses, sedges, rushes, ferns, legumes, and/or forbs tolerant to the site conditions will be planted. Grasses such as prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), sedges, rushes, and/or ferns will be planted using plugs. Additional site adapted species of grasses, legumes, and/or forbs may be added by broadcast and/or no-till or range drill seeding methods as necessary to accomplish the intended purpose(s). Where chemical control of undesirable vegetation, including invasive, is required to reduce competition for the desired plant community the Herbaceous Weed Control (315) practice should be used. Seedbed preparation may require LIGHT TILLAGE (disking). WHEN POLLINATOR HABITAT IS A CONSIDERATION: Include 5-10 adapted forb species that bloom sequentially throughout the growing season where feasible. To address the high diversity of riparian plant communities and their adjacent stream types that exist from the tropics to the tundra, and the deserts, prairies, mountains, and lowlands across the various regions and/or MLRA's, up to 20 adapted riparian plant community-specific scenarios may be required

Before:
The riparian zone, the specific area between terrestrial and aquatic habitats, is currently an undesirable or inadequate stand of perennial or annual vegetation and natural reseeding or vegetation management is unlikely to improve the plant community within a reasonable amount of time to adequately address streambank and/or shoreline stability, dissipate stream energy and trap sediment, improve and/or maintain water quality, and/or provide adequate habitat corridors, food and/or cover for fish, wildlife, pollinators, and/or livestock resource concern(s). Existing conditions often require suppression or eradication of current vegetation by conventional mechanical or chemical (Herbaceous Weed Control (315)) methods to ensure establishment success of the new planting.


Scenario_Description:
Warm & Cool Season Grasses with Forbs: This scenario addresses inadequate herbaceous plant community function or diversity within the specific transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic habitats in rangeland, pasture, cropland, and forest where natural seeding methods and/or management is unlikely to improve the plant community within a reasonable time period. This scenario applies to work not covered under NRCS Conservation Practice Range Planting (528), Forage and Biomass Planting (512), Critical Area Planting (342), Filter Strip (393), Restoration and Management of Rare and Declining Habitats (643), Streambank and Shoreline Protection ( 580), Vegetated Treatment Area (635), Wetland Enhancement ( 659), or Wetland Restoration (657). This practice can be used nation wide. The typical setting for this scenario is usually a narrow strip between the aquatic and terrestrial habitats subject to intermittent flooding and saturated soils where the existing plant community has been disturbed, destroyed, or the species diversity is unable to provide proper function and/or adequate habitat. Where the establishment of a diverse riparian herbaceous plant community is desired, an adapted mix of primarily warm season grasses, legumes, and/or forbs tolerant to the site conditions will be planted by broadcast and/or no-till or range drill seeding methods as necessary to accomplish the intended purpose(s). Where chemical control of undesirable vegetation, including invasive, is required to reduce competition for the desired plant community the Herbaceous Weed Control (315) practice should be used. Seedbed preparation may require LIGHT TILLAGE (disking). WHEN POLLINATOR HABITAT IS A CONSIDERATION: Include 5-10 adapted forb species that bloom sequentially throughout the growing season where feasible. To address the high diversity of riparian plant communities and their adjacent stream types that exist from the tropics to the tundra, and the deserts, prairies, mountains, and lowlands across the various regions and/or MLRA's, up to 20 adapted riparian plant community-specific scenarios may be required


Scenario_Description:
Establish a buffer of trees and/or shrubs to restore riparian plant communities and associated benefits. The buffer will be located adjacent to and up-gradient from a watercourse or water body extending a minimum of 35 feet wide. The planting will consist of trees or shrubs planted through direct seeding. Planting rate will be approximately 3000 seed per acre. Resource concerns to be addressed are Soil Erosion - excessive bank erosion; Water Quality - excess sediment and organics in surface waters and elevated temperature; Degraded Plant Condition - inadequate structure and composition; and Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - habitat degradation.

Before:
Typical sites include former riparian forests and habitat used for forage, cropland, speculation property, or other nonforest condition which contains undesirable amounts or types of vegetation. Active bank erosion is depositing sediment, nutrients and organics in the riparian area. Water temperature is high due to lack of shade. Habitat is not desirable for wildlife.

After:
A buffer of trees and shrubs will be established along the riparian corridor which will provide stability, filtration, shade, and desirable habitat to address the above mentioned resource concerns.


Scenario_Description:
Establish a buffer of trees and/or shrubs into a suitably prepared site to restore riparian plant communities and associated benefits. The buffer will be located adjacent to and up-gradient from a watercourse or water body extending a minimum of 35 feet wide. The planting will consist of tree and/or shrub poles and live stakes (whips) planted by hand. Materials will be from a nearby, off-site location. The ratio of whips to poles will be 5:1. The cuttings will be planted in a mosaic pattern while still dormant. Tree mesh will be placed on the large cuttings. Resource concerns to be addressed are Soil Erosion - excessive bank erosion; Water Quality - excess sediment and organics in surface waters and elevated temperature; Degraded Plant Condition - inadequate structure and composition; and Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - habitat degradation.


Scenario_Description:
Establish a buffer of trees and/or shrubs into a suitably prepared site to restore riparian plant communities and associated benefits. The buffer will be located adjacent to and up-gradient from a watercourse or water body extending a minimum of 35 feet wide. The planting will consist of hand planted bare-root shrubs, evergreen, and deciduous trees. One third of the area will be planted to each woody plant type. Planting for shrubs will be done at 6' x 6' spacing, evergreen tree spacing will be 12' x 15' and deciduous tree spacing at 15' x 15'. Tree shelters will be placed on the hardwoods and evergreens. Resource concerns to be addressed are Soil Erosion - excessive bank erosion; Water Quality - excess sediment and organics in surface waters and elevated temperature; Degraded Plant Condition - inadequate structure and composition; and Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - habitat degradation.


Scenario_Description:
Establish a buffer of trees and/or shrubs into a suitably prepared site to restore riparian plant communities and associated benefits. The buffer will be located adjacent to and up-gradient from a watercourse or water body extending a minimum of 35 feet wide. The planting will consist of machine planted bare-root shrubs, evergreen, and deciduous trees. One third of the area will be planted to each woody plant type. Planting for shrubs will be done at 6' x 6' spacing, evergreen tree spacing will be 12' x 15' and deciduous tree spacing at 15' x 15'. Tree shelters will be placed on the hardwoods and evergreens. Resource concerns to be addressed are Soil Erosion - excessive bank erosion; Water Quality - excess sediment and organics in surface waters and elevated temperature; Degraded Plant Condition - inadequate structure and composition; and Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - habitat degradation.


Scenario_Description:
Establish a buffer of trees and/or shrubs into a suitably prepared site to restore riparian plant communities and associated benefits. The buffer will be located adjacent to and up-gradient from a watercourse or water body extending a minimum of 35 feet wide. The planting will consist of hand planted small containerized shrubs, evergreen, and deciduous trees. All seedlings will be planted at 15 foot by 15 foot spacing. Shrubs will be planted immediately adjacent to the waterbody. Tree shelters will be placed on all plant materials. Resource concerns to be addressed are Soil Erosion - excessive bank erosion; Water Quality - excess sediment and organics in surface waters and elevated temperature; Degraded Plant Condition - inadequate structure and composition; and Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - habitat degradation.


Scenario_Description:
Establish a buffer of trees and/or shrubs into a suitably prepared site to restore riparian plant communities and associated benefits. The buffer will be located adjacent to and up-gradient from a watercourse or water body extending a minimum of 35 feet wide. The planting will consist of machine planted small containerized shrubs, evergreen, and deciduous trees. All seedlings will be planted at 15 feet by 15 feet spacing. Shrubs will be planted immediately adjacent to the water body. Tree shelters will be placed on all plant materials. Resource concerns to be addressed are Soil Erosion - excessive bank erosion; Water Quality - excess sediment and organics in surface waters and elevated temperature; Degraded Plant Condition - inadequate structure and composition; and Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - habitat degradation.


Scenario_Description:
Establish a buffer of trees and/or shrubs into a suitably prepared site to restore riparian plant communities and associated benefits. The buffer will be located adjacent to and up-gradient from a watercourse or water body extending a minimum of 35 feet wide. The planting will consist of hand planted large containerized shrubs, evergreen, and deciduous trees. Planting for shrubs will be done at 20' x 20' spacing Shrubs will be planted immediately adjacent to the water body. Evergreen and deciduous trees will be planted at approximately 30 feet X 30 feet spacing. Tree shelters will be placed on all planting stock. Resource concerns to be addressed are Soil Erosion - excessive bank erosion; Water Quality - excess sediment and organics in surface waters and elevated temperature; Degraded Plant Condition - inadequate structure and composition; and Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - habitat degradation.


Scenario_Description:
A strip or area of herbaceous vegetation that removes contaminants from overland flow. Practice includes seedbed prep and planting of native species.

Before:
Annual cropland, grazing land, or disturbed land (including forestland) allows for runoff of suspended solids, dissolved and/or associated contaminants into environmentally-sensitive areas such as wetlands, riparian zones, critical habitat and neighboring nonagricultural properties. Water Quality resource concerns are associated with this practice.

After:
The 393 Implementation Requirements are developed for the site and applied. The planned filter strip will be established and maintained per the practice plan that will meet the criteria for the planned purpose(s). The vegetation will consist of native species. The filter strip will have adequate width to filter the planned pollutants. The practice includes seedbed preparation, seeding, and seed. Species selected shall be able to withstand partial burial by sediment and tolerant of herbicides used on contribution area while protecting environmentally-sensitive areas.


Scenario_Description:
A strip or area of herbaceous vegetation that removes contaminants from overland flow. Practice includes seedbed prep and planting of introduced species.

After:
The 393 Implementation Requirements are developed for the site and applied. The planned filter strip will be established and maintained per the practice plan that will meet the criteria for the planned purpose(s). The vegetation will consist of introduced species. The filter strip will have adequate width to filter the planned pollutants. The practice includes seedbed preparation, seeding, and seed. Species selected shall be able to withstand partial burial by sediment and tolerant of herbicides used on contribution area while protecting environmentally-sensitive areas.


Scenario_Name:
Caribbean and Virgin Island Filter Strip - All Species

After:
The 393 Implementation Requirements are developed for the site and applied. The planned filter strip will be established and maintained per the practice plan that will meet the criteria for the planned purpose(s). The vegetation will consist of introduced species. The filter strip will have adequate width to filter the planned pollutants. The practice includes seedbed preparation, seeding, and operation and maintenance to maintain the vegetation and the function of the filter strip. Species selected shall be able to withstand partial burial by sediment and tolerant of herbicides used on contribution area while protecting environmentally-sensitive areas.


Scenario_Description:
Installation of a bare-ground firebreak of a minimum width of 15' around a 20 acre field/farm using farm equipment (2 passes). Generally water control devices such as water bars are not needed due either to the lack of steep terrain or the temporary nature of the firebreak. Resource concerns include Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation, Undesirable plant productivity and health, Inadequate plant structure and composition, and Habitat degradation.

Before:
Tract, field, or farm lacks adequate firebreaks to either reduce the spread of wildfires or contain a prescribed burn. Installation will be accomplished by making two passes with the use of typical farm equipment such as tractors, plows, disks, or similar implements.

After:
The property is adequately protected from wildfire or can be safely prescribe burned.


Scenario_Name:
Constructed - Medium equipment, flat-medium slopes

Scenario_Description:
Use of medium equipment such as small dozers to blade, disk, plow, etc. 10' wide bare-soil firebreaks on slopes less than 15%. Generally, water control devices such as water bars are limited to 10 or less per 1,000 feet when properly planned and installed using the same equipment. Resource concerns include Wildfire hazards from excessive biomass accumulation, Undesirable plant productivity and health, Inadequate plant structure and composition, and Habitat degradation.

Before:
Tract, field, or farm lacks adequate firebreaks to either reduce the spread of wildfires or contain a prescribed burn. Conditions such as topography, the presence of brush and trees, etc. make the use of typical farm equipment impractical.

After:
The property is adequately protected from wildfire or can be safely prescribe burned and the potential for excessive erosion from the firebreak is negligible.


Scenario_Name:
Constructed - Medium equipment, steep slopes

Before:
Tract, field, or farm lacks adequate firebreaks to either reduce the spread of wildfires or contain a prescribed burn. Conditions such as topography, the presence of brush and trees, etc. make the use of typical farm equipment impractical. As slopes increase, the potential for excessive erosion increases from soil disturbances. Therefore the installation of water control devices such as water bars will be important in protecting the resource base.

After:
The property is adequately protected from wildfire or can be safely prescribe burned and the potential for excessive erosion from the firebreak is minimized.


Scenario_Description:
Establishing a wide strip of permanent vegetation that will serve as a green firebreak. Scenario includes clearing the site, preparing the seedbed, seeding (typically cool season grasses and/or legumes), and applying needed soil amendments. Seedbed preparation and vegetation establishment will be accomplished with farm equipment. Soil amendments will be applied according to local FOTG guidance. This scenario does not include follow-up maintenance operations such as weed control. mowing, etc. Resource concerns include Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation, Soil erosion, and Excessive sediment in surface waters.

Before:
Tract, field, or farm lacks adequate firebreaks to either reduce the spread of wildfires or contain a prescribed burn.

After:
The property is adequately protected from wildfire or can be safely prescribe burned. Wildlife habitat will also be enhanced and the potential for erosion from the firebreak is minimized.


Scenario_Name:
Constructed - Wide, bladed or disked firebreak

Scenario_Description:
Installing a bare-ground firebreak with a width of 30' or more on gently to strongly sloping slopes with equipment such as a dozer with a heavy disk. Using smaller equipment, erosion control devices such as water bars will be installed at approximately 15 to 25 per 1,000 feet of firebreak length. Devices will have stable outlets. Resource concerns include Wildfire hazard from excessive biomass accumulation, Undesirable plant productivity and health, Inadequate plant structure and composition, Habitat degradation, Soil erosion, and Excessive sediment in surface waters.

Before:
Tract, field, or farm lacks adequate firebreaks to either reduce the spread of wildfires or contain a prescribed burn. Wide firebreaks are needed due to topography, high wildfire risk or to their use as down-wind breaks for prescribed burns. Conditions such as topography, the presence of brush and trees, etc. make the use of typical farm equipment impractical. As slopes increase, the potential for excessive erosion increases from soil disturbances. Therefore the installation of water control devices such as water bars will be important in protecting the resource base.


Practice:
395 - Stream Habitat Improvement and Management

Scenario_Description:
This scenario describes fish and wildlife habitat improvement and/or management actions focused on the community structure and function of forested riparian zone plant communities. The planned activity meets the 395 standard, and facilitating practice standards, especially Codes 390 and 391, utilized in combination to satisfy all requirements specific to habitats needed for the stream and riparian species for which the practice is being implemented. Implementation will improve instream and riparian habitat complexity, water quality, hiding and resting cover, and/or increased food availability for desired riparian and stream species. Because species and habitats differ dramatically within and across regions and/or MLRAs, up to 12 riparian plant community-specific scenarios may be required across the US.

Before:
Riparian quality and quantity are at risk as determined by the NRCS Stream Visual Assessment Protocol score of less than 5 for those elements. The site does not have adequate food, cover, and/or connectivity for riparian wildlife, and contributes insufficient amounts of organic matter and or large woody material for stream species food and cover. The site's riparian vegetation is compromised by human activities and/or access of vehicles, people, and/or livestock is not controlled adequately to protect riparian functions and stream habitat quality. Nutrients are transported to surface waters through runoff or soil erosion or to ground water from leaching in quantities that degrade water quality and limit use of intended purposes. Soil quality may be reduced due to compaction. Riparian vegetation quality and/or quantity is compromised to the extent that the riparian area and floodplain are not functioning to provide necessary stream and riparian habitat components.

After:
Revegetation/reforestation of the riparian zone is completed and the vegetation community is under close management to insure long-term survival and ecological succession of the plant community. The quality and quantity of the riparian zone components of the site are managed to support a diverse vegetation community suitable for the site, the species that depend on it for habitat, and the functions it performs or will eventually perform as the vegetation matures. These functions include: stream temperature moderation thru shading, recruitment of instream large wood and/or non-woody organic matter, riparian habitat for terrestrial insects and other riparian-dependent species, streambank integrity, and filtration of contaminants from surface run-off into the stream.


Scenario_Description:
This scenario involves placement of large wood (logs, root wads, log structures) into a stream channel in order to improve aquatic habitat that currently does not meet quality criteria for stream species habitat. A stream assessment (i.e. Stream Visual Assessment Protocol) should be conducted in order to document habitat components lacking for aquatic species (i.e. large wood, pools). A project design for wood placement will be based on assessment of the target stream reach characteristics and those of a suitable reference reach. These characteristics include channel geometry, channel slope, stream bottom substrate size and composition, and the geomorphic setting influencing the channel form, pattern and profile. Large wood and root wads placed into the stream will mimic genus, age, and size of mature trees found in intact, reference riparian areas in the MLRA where the project is located. Large wood/trees with rootwads intact should be placed in streams to create pool habitat according to NRCS engineering specifications and with close review & approval of a fish habitat biologist. Boulders placed to provide ballast shall only be used if the geomorphic setting and project design demand this component. The planned activity will meet the current 395 standard, and facilitating practice standards utilized, including timing of work windows required for protected aquatic and riparian species, and protecting/restoring vegetation and substrates of/to areas impacted by heavy equipment. Implementation will result in the improvement of instream habitat complexity, hiding and resting cover, and/or increased food availability for fish and other stream species. Payment for implementation is to defray the costs of project implementation. Monitoring records demonstrating implementation of this scenario will address resource concerns for stream species of concern are required.

Before:
In this stream reach, habitat for fish, aquatic insects and/or other stream species is sub-optimal as determined by the NRCS Stream Visual Assessment Protocol score of less than 5 overall. The site does not have adequate food, cover, and perhaps habitat connectivity for desired species. Riparian vegetation quality and/or quantity may also be compromised to the extent that the riparian area and floodplain are not functioning to provide necessary stream and riparian habitat components, such as large wood.

After:
Stream habitat within the project reach is improving as a result of placing logs, root wads, and/or wood structures in the channel and/or along the stream bank. Pool habitat in the reach is improved, and hiding cover, food availability and refuge habitat for all stream species is improving.


Scenario_Description:
This scenario describes the implementation of a stream habitat improvement and management project that places individual boulders or boulder clusters, or rock structures in or adjacent to the stream channel as habitat components. A project design for boulder placement will be based on assessment of the target stream reach characteristics and those of a suitable reference reach. These characteristics include channel geometry, channel slope, stream bottom substrate size and composition, and the geomorphic setting influencing the channel form, pattern and profile. Large rocks/boulders placed in the stream channel will mimic geologic material sizes typically present in the watershed or observed in intact, reference stream reaches in the MLRA where the project is located. Boulders should be placed in streams to create pool habitat and hydraulic complexity according to NRCS engineering specifications and with close review & approval of a fish habitat biologist onsite during implementation of the project design. Spawning gravel placement should be placed to restore spawning area substrates potentially disturbed by rock placement. The planned activity will meet the current 395 standard, and facilitating practice standards utilized. Implementation will result in the improvement of instream habitat complexity, hiding and resting cover, spawning habitat, and/or increased food availability for fish and other stream species. Payment for implementation is to defray the costs of stream habitat assessment, and project implementation. Records demonstrating implementation of this scenario will address resource concerns for stream species of concern will be required.

Before:
In this stream reach, habitat for fish, aquatic insects and other stream species is sub-optimal as determined by the NRCS Stream Visual Assessment Protocol score of less than 5 overall. The site does not have adequate food, cover, and perhaps habitat connectivity for desired species. Riparian vegetation quality and/or quantity may be also compromised to the extent that the riparian area and floodplain are not functioning to provide necessary stream and riparian habitat components, such as large wood, leaf matter, and shade.

After:
Stream habitat within the project reach is improving as a result of placing boulders or constructing rock structures in the channel and/or along the stream bank. Hydraulic complexity of the habitat in the reach is increased, and hiding cover, food availability and refuge habitat for stream species is improving. Streambank vegetation is increasing and contributing to stability of the streambanks.


Scenario_Description:
This scenario describes the implementation of a stream habitat improvement and management project where practices are focused on instream habitat improvement with a combination of rock AND wood structures. This scenario involves placement of large wood and rock structures into a stream channel in order to improve aquatic habitat that currently does not meet quality criteria for stream species habitat. A stream assessment (i.e. Stream Visual Assessment Protocol) should be conducted in order to document habitat components (such as large wood, pools ) are not currently present in the stream or are limited for aquatic species. A project design for placement of habitat structures (boulders, boulder clusters, wood, wood structures) will be based on assessment of (a) the target stream reach characteristics and (b) those of a suitable reference reach. These characteristics include channel geometry, channel slope, stream bottom substrate size and composition, and the geomorphic setting influencing the channel form, pattern and profile. Large rocks/boulders placed in the stream channel will mimic geologic material sizes typically present in the watershed or observed in intact, reference stream reaches in the MLRA where the project is located. Rock boulder sizes should also reflect the geomorphic setting of the stream reach. Large wood placed into the stream under this scenario should be similar in species, age, and size (diameter) as trees found in the surrounding riparian area, to the extent possible. Wood, boulders and/or boulder clusters will be placed in the stream to create pool habitat and hydraulic complexity according to NRCS engineering specifications and with close review & approval of a fish habitat biologist onsite during the planning and implementation of the project. This scenario involves restoring one acre of stream. The planned activity will meet the current 395 standard, and facilitating practice standards utilized. Implementation will result in the improvement of instream habitat complexity, hiding and resting cover, and/or increased food availability for fish and other stream species. Payment for implementation is to defray the costs of project implementation. Records demonstrating implementation of this scenario will address resource concerns for stream species of concern will be required.

Before:
In this stream reach, habitat for fish, aquatic insects and/or other stream species is sub-optimal as determined by the NRCS Stream Visual Assessment Protocol score of less than 5. The site does not have adequate food, cover, and perhaps habitat connectivity for desired species. Riparian vegetation quality and/or quantity may also be compromised to the extent that the riparian area and floodplain are not functioning to provide necessary stream habitat components, such as large wood and off-channel refuge habitat.

After:
Stream habitat within the project reach is improving as a result of placing logs, rocks, or constructing wood and rock structures in the channel and/or along the stream bank. Pool habitat in the reach is improved, and hiding cover, food availability and refuge habitat for all stream species is improving.


Scenario_Description:
This scenario describes the implementation of a stream habitat improvement and management project where practices are focused on the stream channel. The planned activity will meet the current 395 standard, and facilitating practice standards utilized. Implementation will result in protecting native aquatic fauna in the reach from competition or harassment from non-native fish. This action may also increase food availability for fish and other stream species located above the constructed barrier. Payment for implementation is to defray the costs of stream habitat assessment above the barrier, and project implementation. Records demonstrating implementation of this scenario will address resource concerns for aquatic and riparian species of concern will be required.

Before:
In this stream corridor, native aquatic species are at risk as determined by the state fish and wildlife agency. NRCS Stream Visual Assessment Protocol for the reach being protected by a barrier meets quality criteria and provides habitat for native species of concern, as determined by a Stream Visual Assessment Protocol score of greater than 5 .

After:
Native fish inhabiting areas upstream of the newly constructed concrete barrier will not be adversely affected by interactions with non-native species/competitors.


Scenario_Description:
Full or partial removal of a concrete or earthen dam to restore aquatic organism passage, improve water quality, and promote functional river ecology and geomorphology. The extent of removal (full or partial) is determined through consultations with the dam owner in consideration of prevailing regulations and site historical status. Adjacent floodplain surfaces above and below the target dam are considered in the planning process to account for shifts in streamflow and geomorphic regime. Resulting channel dimensions and profile are determined on a site-specific basis to reflect--to the fullest extent possible--pre-dam conditions. Pre-removal sediment assays are completed to determine the toxicity of sediment stored behind the dam. Planning for the reclamation and management of stored sediments is completed according to geomorphic conditions, prevailing regulations, and the results of sediment toxicity investigations. Removal is done with an assortment of equipment, including tracked excavators outfitted with hydraulic chisels, hammers and/or buckets with "thumbs", bull dozers, skid steers, cranes, front-end loaders, and dump trucks. Alternative demolition techniques may include the use of high explosives, diamond-chain, or similar circular saws to remove the dam in a piecewise manner. Removed materials are trucked away and disposed or recycled off-site. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed in the active channel and floodplain to account for post-removal changes to stream plan, pattern, or profile, or reclamation of any former impounded areas. Additional structural measures may be necessary to address constructed features associated with the removed dam including canals, raceways, adjacent spillways, navigation locks, access and maintenance roads, or similar civil works. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation; EXCESS WATER – Ponding, flooding, seasonal high water table, seeps, and drifted snow; WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION – Elevated water temperature. Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection, (587) Structure for Water Control

Before:
A channel-spanning concrete dam no longer has functional use, may be failing, or creates a hazard to downstream capital infrastructure or communities. The dam blocks upstream aquatic organism migration, and downstream migrants may be diverted into hydraulic structures that increase mortality or result in migration delays or dead-ends. The dam disrupts the downstream cycling and transport of sediment, woody material and nutrients. The pool created by the dam may impair water quality by increasing temperatures, capturing fine sediment--sometimes laden with heavy metals or other pollutants--later mobilized by high flow events, and creating slackwater habitat for invasive aquatic vegetation. Non-native or exotic fish species inhabit the pool and predate upon and/or displace native fish.

After:
The existing dam is removed and reach geometry and slope are restored to pre-dam conditions to the fullest extent practicable. Aquatic organism passage and river ecology and geomorphic conditions are restored to pre-dam conditions to the fullest extent practicable. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.

Feature_Measure:
Cubic Yards of concrete in dam and abutments (if present)


Scenario_Description:
Full removal of an earthen dam to restore aquatic organism passage, improve water quality, and promote functional river ecology and geomorphology. The removal extent is determined through consultations with the dam owner in consideration of prevailing regulations and site historical status. Adjacent floodplain surfaces above and below the target dam are considered in the planning process to account for shifts in streamflow and geomorphic regime. Resulting channel dimensions and profile are determined on a site-specific basis to reflect, to the fullest extent possible, pre-dam conditions. Pre-removal sediment assays are be completed as necessary to determine the toxicity of sediment stored behind the dam. Planning for the reclamation and management of stored sediments is completed according to geomorphic conditions, prevailing regulations, and the results of sediment toxicity investigations. Removal is done with an assortment of equipment, including tracked excavators outfitted with hydraulic chisels, hammers and/or buckets with "thumbs", bull dozers, skid steers, cranes, front-end loaders, and dump trucks. Removed materials are trucked away and disposed or recycled off-site, unless native streambed material found in the embankment can be used in site reclamation. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed in the active channel and floodplain to account for post-removal changes to stream plan, pattern, or profile, or reclamation of any former impounded areas. Additional structural measures may be necessary to address constructed features associated with the removed dam including head gates, canals, raceways, access and maintenance roads, or similar civil works. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation; EXCESS WATER – Ponding, flooding, seasonal high water table, seeps, and drifted snow; WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION – Elevated water temperature. Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection, (587) Structure for Water Control

Before:
A channel-spanning earthen dam no longer has functional use, may be failing, or creates a hazard to downstream capital infrastructure or communities. The dam blocks upstream aquatic organism migration, and downstream migrants may be diverted into hydraulic structures that increase mortality or result in migration delays or dead-ends. The dam disrupts the downstream cycling and transport of sediment, woody material and nutrients. The pool created by the dam may impair water quality by increasing temperatures, capturing fine sediment--sometimes laden with heavy metals or other pollutants--later mobilized by high flow events, and creating slackwater habitat for invasive aquatic vegetation. Non-native or exotic fish species inhabit the pool and predate upon and/or displace native fish.


Scenario_Description:
Removal of passage barriers, including small relict earthen diversions (e.g., splash dams), failing or undersized culverts, and sediment or large woody material (>10cm diameter and 2m length) from mass wasting or major flood events. Instream material associated with the previously mentioned circumstances or structures prevents aquatic organism passage by the creation of channel-spanning blockages, or areas of shallow depth, high velocities, or extensive changes in water surface elevation. In addition, these features may encourage abrupt channel changes that endanger adjacent capital infrastructure or transportation corridors. Excessive streambank erosion by flows deflected around or impounded behind these features may impair water quality by introducing fine sediment out of phase with the natural hydrograph and the life history requirements of native aquatic species. Removal is done with an assortment of equipment, including tracked excavators outfitted with buckets with "thumbs", bull dozers, skid steers, front-end loaders, and dump trucks. The channel and adjacent floodplain are restored to pre-blockage conditions to the fullest extent practicable. Removed materials are trucked away and disposed or recycled off-site, unless native streambed material found in the blockage can be used in site reclamation. Large woody material, if present, is used for instream reclamation, replaced in the channel downstream of the blockage, or trucked offsite for disposal or stockpiling for future projects. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed in the active channel and floodplain. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation; EXCESS WATER – Ponding, flooding, seasonal high water table, seeps, and drifted snow; WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION – Elevated water temperature; SOIL EROSION– Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or water conveyance channels Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment; (643) Restoration and Management of Rare and Declining Habitats. ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection

Before:
An instream feature spanning the active channel creates hydraulic conditions that exceed the swimming or crawling abilities of native aquatic organisms. Event-driven mass wasting or instream deposits of coarse sediment create channel blockages or areas of shallow, fast-moving water. An instream plug of material transported to the site by flood flows or delivered to the channel from a hillslope failure not only blocks passage, but may deflect the stream toward a new course than endangers adjacent capital infrastructure or transportation corridors. Elevated risks associated with eventual over-topping or failure of the blockage to downstream features or communities are imminent in the event of a blockage that forms a temporary dam. Accelerated instream or lateral channel erosion may introduce fine sediment that impairs water quality.

After:
The instream barrier is removed by a combination of methods and equipment and the channel and affected floodplain are restored to pre-blockage conditions to the fullest extent practicable. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.

Feature_Measure:
Cubic Yards of mineral sediment, fill or large woody material


Scenario_Description:
Nature-like fishways, also known as roughened channels, rock ramps, or bypass channels, are constructed features that provide passage around an instream barrier or in place of a removed barrier. Fishway design is based on simulating or mimicking adjacent stream characteristics, using natural materials, and providing suitable passage conditions over a range of flows for a wide variety of fish species and other aquatic organisms. Nature-like fishways provide enhanced passage conditions compared to concrete or aluminum (Alaskan Steeppass) ladders, and are not as susceptible to debris-related operational issues. When used to bypass an instream barrier, they require a larger footprint than instream structures, and may also require control structures to regulate flow through the fishway or address tailwater fluctuations affecting the fishway entrance (downstream end). Fishway design includes an assessment of adjacent stream characteristics, including channel geometry, slope, sediment texture and composition, and major geomorphic units that govern channel plan, pattern and profile. In the case of a fishway that bypasses an instream barrier, the design is tailored to these elements, the elevation required to ascend the barrier, and the known range of flow variation or operations. For fishways constructed in the place of a removed barrier, the design may be a hybrid approach that meets the same criteria, although in a smaller instream footprint. Nature-like fishways are constructed with an assortment of equipment used for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. Construction elements generally include an assortment of rock used to create riffles, cascades, or riffle-pool sequences with between 6 to 12 inches of water surface elevation drop between adjacent structures. Large woody material is used to create channel structural elements in some settings, when available and where approved by oversight agencies. Removed materials are trucked away and disposed or recycled off-site, unless excavated native streambed material can be used in fishway construction. Large woody material or removed trees, if present, are used for fishway construction trucked offsite for disposal, or trucked offsite for stockpiling for future projects. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species, and access control and signage are provided. Scenario does not include additional measures needed in the active channel and floodplain or at an existing dam necessary to control flow associated with nature-like fishway. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation; EXCESS WATER – Ponding, flooding, seasonal high water table, seeps, and drifted snow; WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION – Elevated water temperature; EROSION– Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or water conveyance channels Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (582) Open Channel, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection, (587) Structure for Water Control

Before:
An instream barrier prevents upstream migration of native aquatic organisms and no support exists for removal. Similarly, an instream barrier is removed, and interested parties require maintenance of an upstream pool or pond. The subject stream contains a number of migrating aquatic organisms ranging in size from small to large with a range of propulsion abilities--weak to strong swimmers and animals that crawl along the bottom. In either case--barrier removal or bypassing an existing barrier--local sentiment to preserve existing or natural conditions and the desire to provide passage for a range of aquatic organisms indicate the use of a nature-like fishway. Adequate space for a bypass channel is available, and adjacent landowners approve.

After:
A nature-like fishway is constructed in place of a removed barrier or around an existing barrier. The fishway is designed to mimic the adjacent natural stream, and is constructed of rock and/or large woody material that provides quality passage conditions for a number of species and geomorphic stability over a range of flows. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.

Feature_Measure:
Acres of constructed fishway (bankfull width X total length/43,650)


Scenario_Description:
A corrugated metal (galvanized steel or aluminum) pipe culvert (CMP) of any shape (round, elliptical, or squash) used at a road-stream crossing to provide aquatic organism passage (AOP) and promote stream ecological and geomorphic function. CMPs used for AOP are sized according to geomorphic analyses, not just an estimate of runoff and streamflow at the site from the contributing watershed. In addition, CMPs used for AOP are filled with a mixture of rock and gravel sized to emulate site stream conditions and geomorphic units in the channel. The simulated streambed material is continuous throughout the culvert barrel, and blended with the intact streambed at the culvert inlet and outlet. The first estimate of culvert size--diameter or span--is obtained by analyzing bankfull channel width on a reach of stream not affected by an existing road crossing or other conditions that alter self-formed conditions. In the case of a culvert replacement, bankfull investigations are begun at least 10-20 estimated bankfull channel widths above the existing stream crossing. Culvert diameter or span is then increased according to channel bed composition and texture, bank characteristics, channel alignment at the crossing section, and other parameters that may affect channel dynamics and stability. Once the CMP diameter or span is determined, culvert length will be determined by roadway geometry and loading requirements, and site stream conditions. Concrete headwalls and/or wingwalls may be necessary in shorter installations and/or where fill/roadway cover is limited or the stream alignment is not perpendicular to the road axis. Culvert wall thickness and corrugations are determined by road loading requirements. Stream geomorphic characteristics, including the reach longitudinal profile, channel cross-sectional shape, substrate composition and arrangement, and bank shape and composition are determined. CMPs are installed with an assortment of equipment used for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. Construction elements generally include an assortment of rock used to create riffles, cascades, or riffle-pool sequences with between 6 to 12 inches of water surface elevation drop between adjacent structures. Stream dewatering and diversion around the work site is often required, and temporary road closure or re-routing may also be required. . Channel bed material within the culvert barrel varies according to prevailing stream characteristics at the crossing site. The culvert is placed within the roadway on a subexcavated compacted bed, set at a slope that matches the design longitudinal profile, and backfilled with a bed mixture that mimics adjacent stream characteristics with special attention to channel pattern. Backfill depths are typically at least 20% of the culvert diameter or rise, but may deviate based on the shape of the culvert used, channel dimensions, substrate size, and the site longitudinal profile. Special equipment such as motorized wheelbarrows may be necessary to backfill smaller CMPs. Once the simulated streambed in the culvert barrel is complete, the roadway is replaced and any necessary armoring and revegetating material is placed at the culvert inlet and outlet where it intersects the road fill prism. Other actions include construction staking and signage, soil erosion and pollution control, removal and disposal of the old culvert, and topsoil conservation for site reclamation. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed to address channel incision, bank stability, and other factors associated with the presence of the stream crossing. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation; EXCESS WATER – Ponding, flooding, seasonal high water table, seeps, and drifted snow; WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION – Elevated water temperature; SOIL EROSION– Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or water conveyance channels Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment; ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection

Before:
An existing undersized culvert as contributed to general bed and bank scour downstream of a road crossing, and may have contributed to the deposition of a wedge of sediment upstream of the road crossing. The road may be overtopped by high flows, resulting in outright failure, landowner accessibility problems, access by and to emergency services, and hamper post-flood recovery efforts. An upstream impoundment created by the undersized culvert has contributed to water quality problems including high water temperatures and the deposition and later mobilization of polluted fine sediment. Native aquatic organisms are unable to pass through the road crossing because the culvert outlet is perched above the downstream pool, and high velocities are not negotiable by animals that are able to leap into the culvert barrel.

After:
The undersized culvert is replaced with a CMP sized, placed, and backfilled with material determined by geomorphic analyses performed in a reference reach upstream of the crossing location. Geomorphic and ecological functions are preserved through the crossing site, enhancing AOP, water quality, and culvert longevity. In addition, because the culvert is sized to promote the transport of streamflow and the materials it carries, it requires decreased maintenance activities over time. Landowners are able to access their holdings across a range of flows, and are able to seek and receive emergency and post-flood recovery services. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
A multi-plate galvanized steel or aluminum culvert (arch or box) used at a road-stream crossing to provide aquatic organism passage (AOP) and promote stream ecological and geomorphic function. They commonly attach to preformed reinforced or poured-in-place concrete footings. Bottomless culverts used for AOP are sized according to geomorphic analyses, not just an estimate of runoff and streamflow at the site from the contributing watershed. In addition, bottomless culverts used for AOP are filled with a mixture of rock and gravel sized to emulate site stream conditions and geomorphic units in the channel. The simulated streambed material is continuous throughout the culvert barrel, and blended with the intact streambed at the culvert inlet and outlet. The first estimate of culvert span is obtained by analyzing bankfull channel width on a reach of stream not affected by an existing road crossing or other conditions that alter self-formed conditions. In the case of a culvert replacement, bankfull investigations are begun at least 10-20 estimated bankfull channel widths above the existing stream crossing. Culvert span is then increased according to channel bed composition and texture, bank characteristics, channel alignment at the crossing section, and other parameters that may affect channel dynamics and stability. Once the culvert span is determined, culvert length will be dictated by roadway geometry and loading requirements, and site stream conditions. Concrete headwalls and/or wingwalls may be necessary in shorter installations and/or where fill/roadway cover is limited or the stream alignment is not perpendicular to the road axis. Culvert wall thickness and footing requirements are determined by road loading requirements and site geotechnical investigations. Generally, the preferred footing is a T-design with a spread footing with stem wall. Connecting the culvert leg to the footing can be done by welding, grouting, bolting. Stream geomorphic characteristics, including the reach longitudinal profile, channel cross-sectional shape, substrate composition and arrangement, and bank shape and composition are determined. Bottomless arch or box culverts are commonly delivered in sections and bolted together in the field. Smaller arches can be delivered in one piece. They are installed with an assortment of equipment used for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. Construction elements generally include an assortment of rock used to create riffles, cascades, or riffle-pool sequences with between 6 to 12 inches of water surface elevation drop between adjacent structures. Stream dewatering and diversion around the work site is often required, and temporary road closure or re-routing may also be required. Channel bed material within the culvert barrel varies according to prevailing stream characteristics at the crossing site. Footings are placed or poured, and the new streambed is set at a slope that matches the design longitudinal profile, and backfilled with a bed mixture that mimics adjacent stream characteristics with special attention to channel pattern. Once the simulated streambed between the footings is complete, the culvert sections are assembled and attached to the footings. Larger rock may be placed along the footing/culvert stemwall to project the connection from damage by transported bedload. The roadway is replaced and any necessary armoring and revegetating material is placed at the culvert inlet and outlet where it intersects the road fill prism. Other actions include construction staking and signage, soil erosion and pollution control, removal and disposal of the old culvert, and topsoil conservation for site reclamation. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed to address channel incision, bank stability, and other factors associated with the presence of the stream crossing. Scenario does not include concrete for head or wingwalls. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation; EXCESS WATER – Ponding, flooding, seasonal high water table, seeps, and drifted snow; WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION – Elevated water temperature; SOIL EROSION– Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or water conveyance channels Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment; ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection

After:
The undersized culvert is replaced with a bottomless arch or box culvert sized, placed, and backfilled with material determined by geomorphic analyses performed in a reference reach upstream of the crossing location. Geomorphic and ecological functions are preserved through the crossing site, enhancing AOP, water quality, and culvert longevity. In addition, because the culvert is sized to promote the transport of streamflow and the materials it carries, it requires decreased maintenance activities over time. Landowners are able to access their holdings across a range of flows, and are able to seek and receive emergency and post-flood recovery services. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
A four-sided precast concrete box (square or rectangular) culvert used at a road-stream crossing to provide aquatic organism passage (AOP) and promote stream ecological and geomorphic function. Concrete box culverts are generally available in sections of 1-foot increments. Concrete box culverts used for AOP are sized according to geomorphic analyses, not just an estimate of runoff and streamflow at the site from the contributing watershed. In addition, concrete box culverts used for AOP are filled with a mixture of rock and gravel sized to emulate site stream conditions and geomorphic units in the channel. The simulated streambed material is continuous throughout the culvert barrel, and blended with the intact streambed at the culvert inlet and outlet. The first estimate of culvert width is obtained by analyzing bankfull channel width on a reach of stream not affected by an existing road crossing or other conditions that alter self-formed conditions. In the case of a culvert replacement, bankfull investigations are begun at least 10-20 estimated bankfull channel widths above the existing stream crossing. Culvert width is then increased according to channel bed composition and texture, bank characteristics, channel alignment at the crossing section, and other parameters that may affect channel dynamics and stability. Once the culvert width is determined, culvert length will be determined by roadway geometry and loading requirements, and site stream conditions. Concrete headwalls and/or wingwalls may be necessary in shorter installations and/or where fill/roadway cover is limited or the stream alignment is not perpendicular to the road axis. Stream geomorphic characteristics, including the reach longitudinal profile, channel cross-sectional shape, substrate composition and arrangement, and bank shape and composition are determined. Concrete box culverts are delivered in sections and assembled onsite, and require adequate bed compaction throughout the crossing section. They are installed with an assortment of equipment used for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. Construction elements generally include an assortment of rock used to create riffles, cascades, or riffle-pool sequences with between 6 to 12 inches of water surface elevation drop between adjacent structures. Stream dewatering and diversion around the work site is often required, and temporary road closure or re-routing may also be required. Channel bed material within the culvert barrel varies according to prevailing stream characteristics at the crossing site. The new streambed is set at a slope that matches the design longitudinal profile, and backfilled with a bed mixture that mimics adjacent stream characteristics with special attention to channel pattern. The roadway is replaced and any necessary armoring and revegetating material is placed at the culvert inlet and outlet where it intersects the road fill prism. Other actions include construction staking and signage, soil erosion and pollution control, removal and disposal of the old culvert, and topsoil conservation for site reclamation. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed to address channel incision, bank stability, and other factors associated with the presence of the stream crossing. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation; EXCESS WATER – Ponding, flooding, seasonal high water table, seeps, and drifted snow; WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION – Elevated water temperature; SOIL EROSION– Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or water conveyance channels Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment; ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection

After:
The undersized culvert is replaced with a concrete box culvert sized, placed, and backfilled with material determined by geomorphic analyses performed in a reference reach upstream of the crossing location. Geomorphic and ecological functions are preserved through the crossing site, enhancing AOP, water quality, and culvert longevity. In addition, because the culvert is sized to promote the transport of streamflow and the materials it carries, it requires decreased maintenance activities over time. Landowners are able to access their holdings across a range of flows, and are able to seek and receive emergency and post-flood recovery services. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
A channel-spanning structure that carries a road or trailway across a river or stream. Constructed of timber, I-beams, or concrete, bridges are attached at either end to prefabricated, reinforced and poured-in-place, or piling abutments capped/surrounded with concrete. Longer span bridges may require instream pilings to support the travel surface. Bridge decking can be timber, concrete, asphalt, or some combination thereof. Bridge design is completed to conform to loading requirements and site conditions. Geotechnical investigations are used to determine the best support structure suited to a given site. The bridge deck is designed to rest on abutments placed on the adjacent floodplain. Bridge components are delivered to the site and assembled by a combination of equipment and manual labor. They are installed with an assortment of equipment used for excavation, placing material, delivering and removing material, and lifting bridge components from delivery trucks onto the constructed bridge support elements. Other actions include construction staking and signage, soil erosion and pollution control, removal and disposal of the old culvert (if applicable), and topsoil conservation for site reclamation. Stream diversion is not necessary since the bridge will be constructed above the active channel. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed to address channel incision, bank stability, and other factors associated with the presence of the bridge crossing. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation; EXCESS WATER – Ponding, flooding, seasonal high water table, seeps, and drifted snow; WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION – Elevated water temperature; SOIL EROSION– Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or water conveyance channels Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment; ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (582) Open Channel, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection

Before:
An existing stream crossing outfitted with an undersized culvert has a history of maintenance issues and failure. The downstream channel has experienced bed and bank scour, and the crossing may have to the deposition of a wedge of sediment upstream of the road. The road may be overtopped by high flows, resulting in outright failure, landowner accessibility problems, access by and to emergency services, and hamper post-flood recovery efforts. An upstream impoundment created by the undersized culvert has contributed to water quality problems including high water temperatures and the deposition and later mobilization of polluted fine sediment. Native aquatic organisms are unable to pass through the road crossing because the culvert outlet is perched above the downstream pool, and high velocities are not negotiable by animals that are able to leap into the culvert barrel.

After:
The undersized culvert is replaced with a timber bridge placed on precast concrete abutments. The bridge deck is composed of timber planks, and elevated, continuous railings run down each side connecting one abutment to its counterpart on the opposite bank. Signs on either approach indicate bridge capacity and weight restrictions. Because the bridge spans the active channel and sits atop the adjacent floodplain surface, geomorphic and ecological functions are preserved through the crossing site, enhancing AOP, water quality, and culvert longevity. Landowners are able to access their holdings across a range of flows, and are able to seek and receive emergency and post-flood recovery services. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
Formed, reinforced, poured-in-place concrete structures outfitted with baffles (Denil), vertical slots, pools and weirs, submerged orifices, chutes or some combination thereof to provide upstream passage for aquatic organisms over dams and other hydraulic structures. Although fish ladder designs vary according to target species and site conditions, they can generally be described as a three-sided concrete channel with integrated hydraulic features that provide a gradual elevation increase across some distance that allows aquatic organism to swim over a barrier--they convert the total barrier head elevation into passable increments. Concrete ladders are often constructed with resting pools and may have switchbacks. The primary water source for a concrete ladder comes from streamflow diverted into the ladder exit (upstream end) and since it is passed through the ladder to the river below, it is not a consumptive use. These ladders often require flow control and regulating devices (sometimes automated), gates, and may need auxiliary pumps to provide attraction flows at the ladder entrance (downstream end) or augment flow in the ladder. Gages above and below the dam are required to inform ladder operation. Trash racks are used at the upstream end to block debris from entering the ladder. Concrete ladders also require frequent maintenance, and flow through unautomated ladders may need to be adjusted manually when adjacent river conditions or dam operations change. Concrete ladder designs can be complex and require interactions between engineering and ecological sciences for successful implementation. For example, the ladder entrance is one of the most important elements of the structure, and placement of this entrance in the downstream reach is a function of site characteristics and aquatic organism biology. In addition, some aquatic animals will not swim through a submerged orifice, so use of pool-orifice ladders is not recommended. Partners associated with dam ownership and operation, regulatory agencies, and others are consulted and included in the design and construction process. Ladder designs account for run volume and timing, and the swimming capabilities of target species. Some ladders in highly visible areas are finished with masonry facades to blend the ladder to the site in the interest of aesthetics or to conform with historic appearances. Concrete ladders are constructed with equipment for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. Lifts or booms are required to place concrete into forms. Because ladders are often attached to existing dams, personnel familiar with the dam structure are involved at all phases of the process to ensure that plans conform with site requirements. Bed and bank excavation are necessary to create the location for concrete ladders, so site isolation and sediment and erosion control measures are used. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species, and access control and signage are provided. Scenario does not include additional measures in the adjacent active channel necessary to control flow, address channel elevation or stability, or encourage fish guidance into the concrete ladder. Scenario does not include structures used as counting stations or to trap and sample upstream migrants. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (582) Open Channel, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection, (587) Structure for Water Control

Before:
An operational, low hazard class fixed crest concrete dam becomes the target of parties interested in providing fish passage. The dam presently blocks the upstream migration of a number of native aquatic organisms, and suitable spawning and rearing habitats for targeted fish species exists in upstream river reaches. Assessment of site conditions, dam operation, and target species swimming abilities indicate that a concrete ladder will provide suitable passage conditions during the migration season and pass the expected run volume without excessive delays.

After:
A concrete pool and chute ladder outfitted with aluminum internal features and 2 turn/resting pool is installed. The ladder is attached to the face and abutment of the dam, and the entrance is located along the streambank where migrating aquatic organisms are likely to encounter it. The ladder passes the estimated run volume with minimal delays, and native aquatic animals are able to reach upstream spawning and rearing areas and successfully produce offspring that become part of the population. The ladder has an operating plan that stipulates actions and responsible parties for every month of the year. The ladder is fenced to control access and signage indicating its function and relevant warnings is provided at numerous locations. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
Denil fishways are roughened chutes that employ baffles connected to the walls and floor of the chute to provide near continuous energy dissipation throughout the fishway length. Denils are often reinforced, poured-in-place concrete structures outfitted with removable baffles constructed with treated wood that fits into channels incorporated into the ladder walls. These fishways have excellent attraction characteristics when properly sited and provide good passage conditions using relatively low flow amounts. They often do not require auxiliary (pumped) attraction or fishway flow, but are sensitive to tailwater fluctuations. Denil fishways are used mainly for sites where the fishway can be closely monitored, such as off-ladder fish trap designs or temporary fishways used during construction of permanent passage facilities. Because of their baffle geometry and narrow flow paths, Denil fishways are especially susceptible to debris accumulation. Denil fishways are designed with a sloped channel that has a constant discharge for a given normal depth, chute gradient, and baffle configuration. Energy is dissipated consistently throughout the length of the fishway via channel roughness, and results in an average velocity compatible with the swimming ability of native aquatic organisms. Target species' mobility data are important factors in determining the length of a Denil or steeppass because there are no resting locations within a given length of these fishways. Once an animal starts to ascend a length of Denil, it must pass all the way upstream and exit the fishway, or risk injury when falling back downstream. If the Denil or steeppass fishway is long, intermediate resting pools may be included in the design, located at intervals determined by the swimming ability of the weakest target species. Denil ladders are constructed with equipment used for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. Lifts or booms may be required to place concrete into forms or lift ladder elements into place. Because ladders are often attached to existing dams, personnel familiar with the dam structure are involved at all phases of the process to ensure that plans conform with site requirements. Bed and bank excavation may be necessary to create the location for fishway components, so site isolation and sediment and erosion control measures are used. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species, and access control and signage are provided. Scenario does not include additional measures in the adjacent active channel necessary to control flow, address channel elevation or stability, or encourage fish guidance into the concrete ladder. Scenario does not include structures used as counting stations or to trap and sample upstream migrants. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (582) Open Channel, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection, (587) Structure for Water Control

After:
A concrete Denil ladder outfitted with treated wood baffles and a turn/resting pool is installed. The ladder is attached to the face and abutment of the dam, and the entrance is located along the streambank where migrating native fish are likely to encounter it. The ladder passes the estimated run volume with minimal delays, and native aquatic animals are able to reach upstream spawning and rearing areas and successfully produce offspring that become part of the population. The ladder has an operating plan that stipulates actions and responsible parties for every month of the year. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
Alaskan Steeppass fishways are roughened chutes that employ baffles connected to the walls and floor of the chute to provide near continuous energy dissipation throughout the fishway length. A Steeppass is commonly constructed of welded aluminum at an offsite fabrication facility that is later transported to the project site and lowered in place with a boom truck or crane. Steeppasses can be composed of a single length of chute, or chutes connected by reinforced, poured-in-place resting/turn pools at complex or higher barrier sites. These fishways have excellent attraction characteristics when properly sited and provide good passage conditions using relatively low flow amounts. They often do not require auxiliary (pumped) attraction or fishway flow, but are sensitive to tailwater fluctuations. Steeppass fishways are used mainly for sites where the fishway can be closely monitored, such as off-ladder fish trap designs or temporary fishways used during construction of permanent passage facilities. Because of their baffle geometry and narrow flow paths, steeppass fishways are especially susceptible to debris accumulation. Steeppass fishways are designed with a sloped channel that has a constant discharge for a given normal depth, chute gradient, and baffle configuration. Energy is dissipated consistently throughout the length of the fishway via channel roughness, and results in an average velocity compatible with the swimming ability of native aquatic organisms. Target species' mobility data are important factors in determining the length of a Denil or steeppass because there are no resting locations within a given length of these fishways. Once an animal starts to ascend a length of steeppass, it must pass all the way upstream and exit the fishway, or risk injury when falling back downstream. If the steeppass fishway is long, intermediate resting pools may be included in the design, located at intervals determined by the swimming ability of the weakest target species. Steeppass fishways are constructed with equipment used for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. Lifts or booms may be required to place concrete into forms or lift steeppass sections into place. Because ladders are often attached to existing dams, personnel familiar with the dam structure are involved at all phases of the process to ensure that plans conform with site requirements. Bed and bank excavation may be necessary to create the location for fishway components, so site isolation and sediment and erosion control measures are used. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species, and access control and signage are provided. Scenario does not include additional measures in the adjacent active channel necessary to control flow, address channel elevation or stability, or encourage fish guidance into the concrete ladder. Scenario does not include structures used as counting stations or to trap and sample upstream migrants. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (582) Open Channel, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection, (587) Structure for Water Control

After:
Four sections of Alaskan Steeppass separated by 2 turn/resting pools are installed. The ladder is attached to the face and abutment of the dam, and the entrance is located along the streambank where migrating native fish are likely to encounter it. The ladder passes the estimated run volume with minimal delays, and native aquatic animals are able to reach upstream spawning and rearing areas and successfully produce offspring that become part of the population. The ladder has an operating plan that stipulates actions and responsible parties for every month of the year. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
Structure installed on low volume or on unimproved roads at watercourse crossings. Primary use is to allow livestock and equipment access to other parcels of land or operational units. Low-water crossings provide safe and stable stream crossings that don’t negatively impact water and ecological quality while remaining stable across a wide range of flows. Variations exist, but a common application consists of an improved or hardened ford located above a hydraulic control (e.g., bedrock outcropping, riffle, or step composed of coarse substrates). Properly designed and installed low water crossings provide aquatic organism passage (AOP), promote stream ecological and geomorphic function, remain stable over time, and can pass sediment and woody debris. Conservation planning and interaction with the landowner is vital to determine if existing crossings can be consolidated into fewer, more reliable locations. Characterizing a site according to its watershed position and geomorphic function will aid design decisions. Optimal AOP conditions are usually realized when the backfill is composed of a mixture that mimics bed material as evaluated from a reference reach adjacent to the crossing—preferably at least 10-20 estimated bankfull channel widths above an existing crossing to avoid effects that alter channel geometry or bedform composition and spacing. Low water crossings are installed with an assortment of equipment used for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. Low water crossings provide the best mix of function and longevity when they are designed and built to conform to existing channel geometry and slope, constructed to match the shape of the existing channel, and oriented to cross the stream at a 90 degree angle. Crossing width, measured along the downstream axis, should not exceed 2X bankfull width. Low water crossings are commonly constructed by over excavating the crossing section 6-12 inches below the existing streambed and backfilling the void with well-graded rock back to natural bed elevation. Geotextile lining may be required in some settings. Rock size and gradation is the smallest mix needed to remain stable under prevailing flow conditions—larger rock can endanger livestock and turbulence impairs passage. Sand or soil may be added into the mix to seal the section to ensure that the stream doesn’t percolate into the crossing substrate. Smaller material increases bed diversity, chokes voids between bigger stones, and helps preserve passage quality. Smaller rock smaller (< 2 inches) at the finished surface may become lodged in livestock hooves. The road/trail surface of the crossing should be extended to an elevation that exceeds the known high water level on each side of the crossing. The downstream edge of the crossing should not produce a sharp drop in water surface to preserve AOP quality and discourage sediment deposition and debris accumulation. Other actions include construction staking and signage, soil erosion and pollution control, removal and disposal of the old culvert, and topsoil conservation for site reclamation. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed to address channel incision, bank stability, and other factors associated with the presence of the stream crossing. Stream corridor fencing should be considered to control livestock access and preserve water and riparian quality. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (582) Open Channel, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection, (587) Structure for Water Control

Before:
A small farming operation has a mixture of pastures, hay meadows, and crops that all require seasonal movement of equipment and livestock between parcels. Four unimproved stream crossings provide unreliable access across the property and require yearly maintenance to clear debris and sediment. Farm equipment has gotten stuck in the past, and uncontrolled livestock access and frequent crossing or loafing in the stream contributes to chronic water quality problems associated with elevated fine sediment, high water temperatures, invasive aquatic vegetation, and fecal coliform bacteria. Livestock avoid three of the crossings when streamflow increases moderately. Two of the crossings are overwide and shallow, and impair AOP. The property and landowner’s yearly operations are reviewed by conservation planners and—with the input and agreement of the landowner—it is decided that three of the four crossings can be eliminated and consolidated at one site above a cobble/boulder deposit in the stream.

After:
An improved ford is constructed by excavating the channel just upstream of the boulder/cobble hydraulic control. The cut is lined with geotextile to control seepage and subsurface flow, and backfilled up to the existing bed elevation with a well-graded mix of rock sized to mimic the material in the channel upstream of the crossing. The finished crossing surface is at grade with the up and downstream channel elevation, and no drop exists along the downstream edge. Approaches on either side of the crossing are extended up to the adjacent floodplain surface, and the finished instream portion of the ford matches the existing channel cross section. Approach slopes are shallow enough for expected equipment traffic, including towed combinations, and armored as needed with larger rock to protect against erosion that may occur when the floodplain is inundated. The crossing is fenced and gated to control livestock access and provide greater flexibility to the landowner’s grazing needs. AOP is provided, and the crossing remains stable across a range of flow and sediment and debris transport events. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
A fish screen used at surface (gravity) diversions intended to prevent juvenile or small-bodied adult fish from entering ditches, canals, laterals or other pathways that lead to migration dead-ends or sources of mortality. Paddlewheel screens are active by design, meaning that they are outfitted with mechanisms that automatically cycle to keep the screen free of debris that will restrict the screen area, impede flow through the screen, and may cause the screen to fail. These screens are powered by a paddlewheel driven by flowing water and are thus suitable for remote locations without electrical services. Paddlewheel screens can be installed in the active channel along a streambank, but are most commonly built in a canal below a diversion structure. Aquatic organisms that encounter a screen installed in a canal are diverted back into the adjacent stream through a buried pipe. Screens installed in the active channel are built at the point of diversion with the screen face aligned parallel to the flow of the river. Bankline modifications can be necessary to achieve proper alignment. Screens installed in a canal can be aligned differently and are best sited at a canal location that minimizes the straight-line bypass/return path distance. Again, canal installation is the most common. A fully functional screen is designed to meet criteria intended to protect target organisms from being swept into and pinned against or along the screen face (impingement). When this occurs, animals can be physically harmed or, in the case of a rotating drum screen, introduced into the diversion works behind the screen. Active screens are designed to ensure that the approach velocity will not exceed .4 feet per second (fps). Approach velocity is calculating by dividing the maximum screened flow volume by the vertical projection of the effective screen area at maximum submergence. For a rotating drum screen the design submergence should not be more than 85% or less than 65% of the screen diameter. Screen design should strive to provide nearly uniform flow distribution across the screen surface. Screens longer than 6 feet must be angled to the direction of incoming flow and have sweeping velocities (along the face of the screen) greater than the approach velocity, and sweeping velocities should not decrease along the face of the screen. Screen face openings must not exceed 3/32 inch in diameter, and perforated plate must be smooth to the touch with openings punched through in the direction of approaching flow. Material used for the screen face should be corrosion resistant and sufficiently durable to maintain a smooth uniform surface with long term use. Bypass design flow should be about 5% of the diverted amount, include an easily accessible entrance, and flow velocity in the bypass pipe or channel should not exceed 0.2fps. Minimum design depth in a bypass pipe should be at least 40% of the pipe diameter. Bypass entrances should be installed with independent flow control capability. The face of all screen surfaces must be placed flush (to the extent possible) with any adjacent screen bay, pier noses, and walls to allow fish unimpeded movement parallel to the screen face and ready access to bypass routes. Paddlewheel screens are generally fabricated at a machine shop and delivered to the project site. Site conditions may require the construction of a small concrete headwall that will anchor the screen and may be outfitted with flow control that to adjust hydraulic conditions and optimize screen function. In addition, concrete training walls to conduct flow into, through, and below the screen may be required at some sites. Paddlewheel screens are installed with an assortment of equipment used for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. A crane or boom truck may be needed to place the screen assembly. Other actions include construction staking and signage, soil erosion and pollution control, access control and fencing, and topsoil conservation for site reclamation. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed to address channel incision, bank stability, or factors associated with channel improvements at the bypass pipe outfall. Final contracts stipulate entities and schedules for operation and maintenance. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (582) Open Channel, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection, (587) Structure for Water Control

Before:
An unscreened gravity diversion removes water and fish from a small stream. The ditch under the 5 cfs diversion serves a number of pumps and turnouts used to irrigate alfalfa and flood irrigate hay. The diversion is run from late winter into fall, although the flood irrigated crops are shut off in mid-summer to allow growth and prepare the fields for mowing and haying. Although the diversion is owned by a nth-generation landowner with proven, long-standing rights to the diverted water, recent fish listings under the Endangered Species Act present liability risks in the face of a third party lawsuit. Diverted listed fish are killed in residual depressions in the irrigated meadow, and often become entrained and killed in pumps used to drive wheel lines used to irrigate alfalfa.

After:
A modular rotating drum paddlewheel screen is installed in the ditch about 100 feet downstream of the diversion dam. The screen is outfitted with a screw-gated 10-inch smooth HDPE pipe buried below the floodplain that connects the bypass entrance to a deep pool in the adjacent stream. The screen is placed on an excavated bed backfilled with compacted sand and gravel, and bolted to a small reinforced poured-in-place concrete headwall. Inspection during the first operational season following construction confirms that the screen is within hydraulic criteria and providing adequate protection to listed fish. The screen structure is fenced from livestock, and inspected and maintained according to contractual agreements. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
A fish screen used at surface (gravity) diversions intended to prevent juvenile or small-bodied adult fish from entering ditches, canals, laterals or other pathways that lead to migration dead-ends or sources of mortality. Rotating drum screens are active by design, meaning that they are outfitted with mechanisms that automatically cycle to keep the screen free of debris that will restrict the screen area, impede flow through the screen, and may cause the screen to fail. These screens are powered electric motors that rotate a drum covered in fine stainless steel mesh. The drum rotates in the direction of the incoming flow, and is designed to protect fish from entrainment into the diversion while at the same time rolling fine debris attached to the screen face into the ditch or canal below. Rotating drum screens can be installed in the active channel along a streambank, but are most commonly built in a canal below a diversion structure. . Aquatic organisms that encounter a screen installed in a canal are diverted back into the adjacent stream through a buried pipe. Screens installed in the active channel are built at the point of diversion with the screen face aligned parallel to the flow of the river. Bankline modifications can be necessary to achieve proper alignment. Screens installed in a canal can be aligned differently and are best sited at a canal location that minimizes the straight-line bypass/return path distance. Again, canal installation is the most common. A fully functional screen is designed to meet criteria intended to protect target organisms from being swept into and pinned against or along the screen face (impingement). When this occurs, animals can be physically harmed or, in the case of a rotating drum screen, introduced into the diversion works behind the screen. Active screens are designed to ensure that the approach velocity will not exceed .4 feet per second (fps). Approach velocity is calculating by dividing the maximum screened flow volume by the vertical projection of the effective screen area at maximum submergence. For a rotating drum screen the design submergence should not be more than 85% or less than 65% of the screen diameter. Screen design should strive to provide nearly uniform flow distribution across the screen surface. Screens longer than 6 feet must be angled to the direction of incoming flow and have sweeping velocities (along the face of the screen) greater than the approach velocity, and sweeping velocities should not decrease along the face of the screen. Screen face openings must not exceed 3/32 inch in diameter, and perforated plate must be smooth to the touch with openings punched through in the direction of approaching flow. Material used for the screen face should be corrosion resistant and sufficiently durable to maintain a smooth uniform surface with long term use. Bypass design flow should be about 5% of the diverted amount, include an easily accessible entrance, and flow velocity in the bypass pipe or channel should not exceed 0.2fps. Minimum design depth in a bypass pipe should be at least 40% of the pipe diameter. Bypass entrances should be installed with independent flow control capability. The face of all screen surfaces must be placed flush (to the extent possible) with any adjacent screen bay, pier noses, and walls to allow fish unimpeded movement parallel to the screen face and ready access to bypass routes. Rotating drum screens are composed of elements fabricated at a machine shop and delivered to the project site, or built onsite. They are generally part of a reinforced, poured-in-place mass of concrete that forms a three-sided section above, around, and below the screen. Onsite derricks or metal framework can be required above screen bays to facilitate lifting drums for maintenance and inspection of side and bottom seals. Rotating drum screens may need to be fitted with flow control devices that to adjust hydraulic conditions and optimize screen function. Rotating drum screens are installed with an assortment of equipment used for excavation, placing material, and delivering and removing material. A crane or boom truck may be needed to place elements of larger screen installations, including gates, drums, and overhead metal framework. Other actions include construction staking and signage, soil erosion and pollution control, access control and fencing, and topsoil conservation for site reclamation. Disturbed areas are revegetated with a mix of site-adapted species. Scenario does not include additional measures needed to address channel incision, bank stability, or factors associated with channel improvements at the bypass pipe outfall. RESOURCE CONCERNS: INADEQUATE HABITAT FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE –Habitat degradation Payments for these associated practices are made separately and are covered by other typical scenarios and payment schedules. See relevant CPS for additional information. ---Site Preparation and Reclamation associated with project footprint: (326) Clearing and Snagging, (342) Critical Area Planting, (382) Fence, (390) Riparian Herbaceous Cover, (391) Riparian Forest Buffer, (612) Tree/Shrub Establishment ---Reach Planning/Habitat Enhancement: (395) Stream Habitat Improvement and Management, ---Structural Measures Associated with Scenario but outside of project footprint: (410) Grade Stabilization Structure, (582) Open Channel, (584) Channel Bed Stabilization, (580) Streambank and Shoreline Protection, (587) Structure for Water Control

Before:
An unscreened gravity diversion removes water and fish from a medium-sized stream. The ditch under the 75 cfs diversion serves a number of pumps and turnouts used to irrigate alfalfa and flood irrigate hay. The diversion is run from late winter into fall, although the flood irrigated crops are shut off in mid-summer to allow growth and prepare the fields for mowing and haying. Although the diversion is owned by a nth-generation landowner with proven, long-standing rights to the diverted water, recent fish listings under the Endangered Species Act present liability risks in the face of a third party lawsuit. Diverted listed fish are killed in residual depressions in the irrigated meadow, and often become entrained and killed in pumps used to drive wheel lines used to irrigate alfalfa.

After:
A rotating drum screen consisting of three 8-foot wide, 4-foot diameter drums each driven by a 5hp electric motor is installed in the ditch about 200 feet downstream of the diversion dam. The screen is outfitted with a screw-gated 20-inch smooth HDPE pipe buried below the floodplain that connects the bypass entrance to a deep pool in the adjacent stream. The screen is placed in a concrete section extending above, underneath and below the drum location that forms the structure holding the drums, side and bottom seals, bypass entrance, and screen fore and afterbay. A steel I-beam structure is erected to form continuous overhead cover above the screen bays, and outfitted with a traveling electric winch used to raise each drum for periodic maintenance and seal inspection. Inspection during the first operational season following construction confirms that the screen is within hydraulic criteria and providing adequate protection to listed fish. The screen structure is fenced from livestock, and inspected and maintained according to contractual agreements. Resource Concerns are addressed within the context of the site.


Scenario_Description:
Chemical application to existing fishpond to remove invasive or undesired vegetation. Typically use Diquat dibromide or other appropriate herbicide. Chemical control will be applied by a certified pesticide applicator per state code. Resource concerns addressed include: Degraded Plant Condition - Excessive plant pest pressure; Degraded Plant Condition - Inadequate structure and composition; Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - Habitat degradation.

Before:
Existing fishpond is negatively impacted by invasive vegetation. Invasive vegetation is reducing availability of resources for desired fish species.

After:
Chemical application has been completed to manage the invasive vegetation. Resource concerns have been addressed. Participant will follow Operation and Maintenance guidance to ensure control has been achieved through regular monitoring and will address any negative impacts to ensure an invasion does not occur again within the lifespan of the practice.


Scenario_Description:
Fishpond lacks a diversity of habitat to provide adequate habitat for desired fish species. Creation of habitat structures as recommended by conservation planner or other individual with appropriate credentials. Suggested improvements will determine type of structure needed, number of structures, density and location of structures. Habitat structures are typically submerged or emergent. Structures may include log cribs, rock piles, log and rock cribs, pipe and limber cribs, conifer cribs, PVC-tree structures, gravel spawning beds, catfish cages, concrete blocks stacked and filled with sticks or cuttings or plastic barrels filled with sand and sticks. Resource Concerns addressed include: Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - Habitat degradation. Practice installation may also address: Water Quality Degradation - Elevated water temperatures.

Before:
Existing fish pond lacks sufficient habitat diversity to provide optimum conditions for desired fish species.

After:
Habitat structures within fishpond are appropriate for desired fish species. Typical installation in 1 ac pond: 12 structures of 24 concrete blocks stacked and wired together, with sticks placed within blocks. Resource concerns have been addressed. Participant will follow Operation and Maintenance guidance to ensure created habitat is maintained and continues to provide the benefits to the resources.


Scenario_Description:
Aerator added to existing fishpond to obtain desired oxygen levels. Typically 1 aerator needed per pond. Certain oxygen levels in the fishpond are needed for optimum vegetation, habitat and water quality. Oxygen levels and size of aerator needed are determined by a conservation planner, engineer or per existing supported data. Aerator planning and placement specifications can be found in "AEN-3: Aeration of ponds used in aquaculture". Resource concerns addressed include: Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - Habitat degradation; Water Quality Degradation - Elevated water temperature.

Before:
Existing fishpond has insufficient levels of oxygen available for desired fish species in pond. Habitat and water quality degraded, as well as health of the fish population.

After:
Aerator sized appropriately for fishpond has been established and oxygen is at an optimum level. Participant will follow Operation and Maintenance guidance to ensure aerator maintained to continually provide appropriate oxygen levels for fishpond.


Scenario_Description:
Aerator added to existing fishpond to obtain desired oxygen levels. Typically 1 aerator needed per pond. Certain oxygen levels in the fishpond are needed for optimum vegetation, habitat and water quality. Oxygen levels and size of aerator needed are determined by a conservation planner, engineer or per existing supported data. Aerator planning and placement specifications can be found in "AEN-3: Aeration of ponds used in aquaculture". Resource concerns addressed include: Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - Habitat degradation; Water Quality Degradation - Elevated water temperature. Associated Practice: Critical Area Planting - 342


Scenario_Description:
Native, aquatic vegetation will be established by plugs and or tubers. Both emergent and submerged vegetation will be established using hand tools or other small equipment as needed. Vegetation will be established to ensure appropriate cover for desired fish species. Plants will be established at a rate, location and density as prescribed by the conservation planner or other resource. A typical setting will plant between 2-5 aquatic plants per 10 SF. This scenario may include replacing of non desired plants with appropriate native plants. Resource Concerns addressed include: Degraded Plant Condition - Excessive plant pest pressure; Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - Habitat degradation. Practice installation may also address: Water Quality Degradation - Elevated water temperatures.

Before:
Established fish pond which has had insufficient vegetation for desired fish species. Vegetation consists either primarily of non-desired plants or is not of a density to provide adequate cover for fish species. Fishpond is typically 1 acre in size, 1/4 acre of fishpond will receive native vegetation restoration.

After:
Vegetation in fishpond is of a density and composition that is suitable for desired fish species. Vegetation is native plants. Resource concerns have been addressed. Participant will follow Operation and Maintenance guidelines to ensure established plants will thrive. If plant die-off occurs prior to lifespan of practice, participant is required to re-establish vegetation to NRCS Standards and Specifications.


Scenario_Description:
Management of existing fishpond by excavation or placement of material to create deep open water or littoral shelves. Fishpond currently does not provide optimum habitat for desired species. Excavated material will either be relocated within fish pond, or sited appropriately so as to not cause any negative environmental effects. Changes to depth will be based upon recommendations by conservation planner or other individual with appropriate credentials. Resource Concerns addressed include: Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife - Habitat degradation. Practice installation may also address: Water Quality Degradation - Elevated water temperatures. Associated Practice (if required): Critical Area Planting - 342

Before:
Existing fish pond lacks sufficient depth, diversity of depth or desired bottom structure to provide optimum habitat for desired fish species.

After:
Depth and bottom structure of fishpond are appropriate for desired fish species. Resource concerns have been addressed. Participant will follow Operation and Maintenance guidance to ensure created habitat is maintained and continues to provide the benefits to the resources.


Scenario_Description:
This scenario is the construction of an earthen embankment to impound water. A corrugated metal pipe (CMP) principal spillway will be constructed. A metal trash guard protects the spillway inlet. A circular CMP riser connects to a CMP barrel that runs through the dam to outlet safely downstream. A sand diaphragm is installed in the embankment. This scenario assists in addressing the resource concerns: excessive runoff, flooding or ponding, inefficient water use on irrigated land, reduced capacity of conveyances by sediment deposition.

Before:
Area exists where water could naturally pool or run off to create a pond for livestock, wildlife, fire control, flood control, or irrigation. The site meets satisfactory conditions according to the standard.

After:
The typical dam is constructed by excavation and compaction to create an embankment. The principal spillway is completed by using a CMP riser with a metal trash guard and a CMP barrel. A sand diaphragm is installed. Vegetation will be completed under Critical Area Planting (342) standard. . Other associated practices such as; Fence (382), Pipeline (516), Pumping Plant (533), Watering Facility (614), Structure For Water Control (587), and Aquatic Organism Passage (396) will use the corresponding Standard(s) as appropriate.


Scenario_Description:
Typical setting is on a 40-acre pasture/hayland field having a slope of 5 to 10 percent where ephemeral gullies have formed. Typical installation consists of stabilizing/regrading the gully and installing six check dams with a top width of 3', average height of 2.5', 19' length, and 2:1 side slopes, ; containing an average of 21 tons of rock for a total of 126 tons. The check dams are underlain with geotextile fabric. Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as water quality degradation and soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion.

Before:
The operator presently has erosion gullies forming and/or worsening on the farmland and impacting the useable area and the downstream water quality. Erosion from the gullies is allowing soil and possibly nutrients to be transported to downstream receiving waters degrading water quality and causing soil loss.

After:
Area is stabilized. The advancement and/or formation of gullies is stopped, soil from gullies no longer leaves the farm, useable farm area is increased, sedimentation and other pollution hazards are decreased, and water quality downstream is protected. Any needed vegetation of disturbed areas use Critical Area Planting (342).


Scenario_Description:
An earthen embankment dam with a principal spillway pipe of 6 inches or less. Assessment shows anti-seep collars or sand diaphragms are not required. To stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon a typical amount of earthfill of 2,000 cubic yards, and 80 feet of pipe 6" PVC pipe with a canopy inlet. A small, non-lined plunge pool protects the outlet channel. Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation.

Before:
The operator presently has gullies forming and/or worsening on the farmland and impacting the useable area and the downstream water quality. Erosion from the gullies is allowing soil and possibly nutrients to be transported to downstream receiving waters degrading water quality and causing soil loss.

After:
Area is stabilized. The advancement and/or formation of gullies is stopped, soil from gullies no longer leaves the farm, useable farm area is increased, sedimentation and other pollution hazards are decreased, and water quality downstream is protected. Any needed re-vegetation of disturbed areas use Critical Area Planting (342). Other associated practices such as; Pond (378), Dam (402), Fence (382), Pumping Plant (533), Watering Facility (614), and Livestock Pipeline (516) will use the corresponding Standard(s) as appropriate.


Scenario_Description:
An earthen embankment dam with a principle spillway pipe between 8 and 12 inches, anti-seep collars or sand diaphragm, and excavated plunge pool basin. Installed to stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon a typical amount of earthfill of 2,500 cubic yards, 90 feet of 10" pace, pipe with a canopy inlet, and 3 cubic yard sand diaphragm. A non-lined plunge pool protects the outlet channel. Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation.


Scenario_Description:
An earthen embankment dam with a principle spillway pipe greater than 12 inches. Installed to stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon a typical amount of earthfill of 2,500 cubic yards, smooth steel drop inlet principle spillway with a 7 ft riser and 90 ft barrel, and 82 Square feet of anti-seep collars. A rock lined plunge pool protects the outlet channel. Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation.


Scenario_Description:
An earthen embankment dam with a principal spillway pipe where on site soils are not acceptable and require extra processing or hauling from off farm, distances greater than one mile. Installed to stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon a typical amount of earthfill of 2,500 cubic yards, 90 feet of 10" pace, pipe with a canopy inlet, and 3 cubic yard sand diaphragm. A non-lined plunge pool protects the outlet channel. Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation.


Scenario_Description:
A full flow pipe drop (i.e.: riser and barrel) grade stabilization structure designed and constructed using plastic pipe without anti-seep collars. This is typically a earthen dry dam structure with no permanent storage (water or sediment), however some structures may have some permanent pool / storage but do not have 35 years of sediment life. Payment rate is based upon the riser volume (length times area) in cubic feet plus the barrel volume (length times area) in cubic feet. Installed to stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon 6 ft high 18" dia PVC riser with a 40 ft long barrel. (18" diameter x 6 ft length) + (18" diameter x 40ft. length) = 828 Diameter-inch feet. Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation.

After:
Area is stabilized. The advancement and/or formation of gullies is stopped, soil from gullies no longer leaves the farm, useable farm area is increased, sedimentation and other pollution hazards are decreased, and water quality downstream is protected. Any needed re-vegetation of disturbed areas use Critical Area Planting (342). Other associated practices such as; Pond (378), Dam (402), Fence (382), Channel Bed Stabilization (584), Dike (356), Grassed Waterway (412), Structure for Water Control (587), and Irrigation Canal or Lateral (320) will use the corresponding Standard(s) as appropriate.

Feature_Measure:
(Riser Length x diameter in inches) + (Barrel Length x diameter in inches)


Scenario_Description:
A full flow pipe drop (i.e.: riser and barrel) grade stabilization structure designed and constructed with a metal anti-seep collar. This is typically a earthen dry dam structure with no permanent storage (water or sediment), however some structures may have some permanent pool / storage but do not have 35 years of sediment life. Payment rate is based upon the riser weir length (Diameter x 3.14) in feet times the length of the pipe barrel in (feet). Installed to stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon a smooth steel pipe drop structure with a 36", 12' tall riser and a 100' long 30" barrel (36" diameter x 12 ft length) + (30" diameter x 100 ft. length) = 3432 Diameter-inch feet.. Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation.


Scenario_Description:
A Straight, semicircular, or Box Drop structure composed of metal or reinforced concrete used to stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon a semicircular steel toe wall structure with a drop of 3ft and weir length of 30ft (90 square feet). The unit of payment measurement is defined as weir length times drop in "feet". The drop (feet) is defined as the structure inlet crest elevation minus the control outlet elevation (i.e.: outlet apron elevation).Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation.

After:
Area is stabilized. The advancement and/or formation of gullies is stopped, soil from gullies no longer leaves the farm, useable farm area is increased, sedimentation and other pollution hazards are decreased, and water quality downstream is protected. Any needed re-vegetation of disturbed areas use Critical Area Planting (342). Other associated practices such as; Pond (378), Dam (402), Fence (382), Channel Bed Stabilization (584), Dike (356), Grassed Waterway (412), Structure for Water Control (587), Subsurface Drain (606), and Underground Outlet (620) will use the corresponding Standard(s) as appropriate.


Scenario_Description:
A Straight Drop structure constructed of rock riprap held in place by galvanized wire, such as, gabion baskets, fence panels, or "sausage" baskets. These structures are used to stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon a gabion wall structure with a drop of 3 ft and weir length of 8 ft (24 square feet). The unit of payment measurement is defined as weir length times drop in "feet". The drop (feet) is defined as the structure inlet crest elevation minus the control outlet elevation (i.e.: outlet apron elevation).Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation.


Scenario_Description:
A Straight Drop structure constructed using bioengineering principles. In this instance the drop structure is constructed of logs, rock riprap, and earthfill. These structures are used to stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon an 8 foot weir length and 3 foot drop. The unit of payment measurement is each. Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation.

After:
Area is stabilized using an engineered structure utilizing natural materials (bioengineered). The advancement and/or formation of gullies is stopped, soil from gullies no longer leaves the farm, useable farm area is increased, sedimentation and other pollution hazards are decreased, and water quality downstream is protected. Any needed re-vegetation of disturbed areas use Critical Area Planting (342). Other associated practices such as; Pond (378), Dam (402), Fence (382), Channel Bed Stabilization (584), Dike (356), Grassed Waterway (412), Structure for Water Control (587), Subsurface Drain (606), and Underground Outlet (620) will use the corresponding Standard(s) as appropriate.


Scenario_Description:
A structure constructed of rock riprap that is hand laid in place with a series of footer rocks embedded into the gulley floor then a layer of large similarly sized rocks laid on top of footers from bank to bank and at least as far up stream as wide. The function of the One rock dam is not to stop the water and then allow it to plunge over the down stream end during high water events, but to slow the water allowing it to pass through the structure effectively raising the bed of the channel to reestablish flood plain connectivity. These structures are used to restore the natural hydrology of entrenched swales and intermittent streams resulting in increased vegetative production and the natural restoration of the ecological site plant community. Cost estimate is based upon a One rock dam 2ft tall (measured from lowest part of channel floor - Thalweg) X 10ft wide X 8ft long structure (80 square feet). The unit of payment measurement is defined as length from furthest upstream part of structure to furthest down stream part of structure times width being the widest extent of structure when measured from channel bank to channel bank "square feet". Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion, water quality degradation, Plant Condition and health, wildlife habitat degradation and T&E/ State Species of Concern (critical Sage Grouse brood rearing habitat).

Before:
The operator presently has entrenched swales or intermittent streams in rangeland or other land use. The entrenched systems are lowering the water table, reducing vegetative productivity, changing vegetation type, degrading forage and degrading wildlife habitat (critical sage grouse brood rearing habitat). Erosion from the entrenched systems is allowing soil and possibly nutrients to be transported to downstream receiving waters degrading water quality and causing soil loss.

After:
The function of the one rock dam is not to stop the water and then allow it to plunge over the down stream end during high water events, but to slow the water allowing it to pass through the structure effectively raising the bed of the channel to reestablish flood plain connectivity. These structures are used to restore the natural hydrology of entrenched swales and intermittent streams resulting in increased vegetative production and the natural restoration of the ecological site plant community.

Feature_Measure:
Feet of structure length times feet of structure width


Scenario_Description:
A Straight Drop structure constructed of rock riprap held in place by galvanized wire, such as, gabion baskets, fence panels, or "sausage" baskets. These structures are used to stabilized the grade and control erosion in natural or artificial channels, to prevent the formation or advancing of gullies, and to enhance environmental quality and reduce pollution hazards. Applied in areas where the concentration and flow velocity of water require structures to stabilize the grade in channels or to control gully erosion. Cost estimate is based upon a gabion wall structure with a drop of 3 ft and weir length of 8 ft (24 square feet). The unit of payment measurement is defined as weir length times drop in "feet". The drop (feet) is defined as the structure inlet crest elevation minus the control outlet elevation (i.e.: outlet apron elevation).Disturbed areas are protected with permanent vegetative cover. Addresses resource concerns such as soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion and water quality degradation. This scenario is strictly for use in remote locations that are at least 50 miles or more from the source of equipment or materials.


Scenario_Description:
Typical setting is on range/pasture or forest lands where ephemeral gullies and/or channels have formed and are actively head cutting. Typical installation consists of stabilizing the gully by installing a series of four rock and brush dams with a top width of 1', average height of 4’, 12' length, and 1.5:1 side slopes, ; containing an average of 15 cy rock for a total of 60 cy. The rock and brush dams are constructed by hand placing successive layers of brush then rock; brush is typically fresh cut from live evergreen trees with stem diameters less than 1.5 inches; rock is typically 6”-9” diameter. Dams are keyed into the bank and are formed with a weir section. This scenario is also used for "Zuni bowl" installations that do not use any brush. Addresses resource concerns such as water quality degradation and soil erosion-concentrated flow erosion.

Before:
The operator presently has erosion gullies forming and/or worsening on the range or forest land and impacting the useable grazing area and the downstream water quality. Erosion from the gullies is allowing soil and possibly nutrients to be transported to downstream receiving waters degrading water quality and causing soil loss.


Scenario_Description:
Typical practice is 1200 ' long, 12' bottom, 8:1 side slopes, 1.5' depth, half excavation. A grass waterway that is a shaped or graded channel and is established with suitable vegetation to carry surface water at a non-erosive velocity to a stable outlet. This practice addresses Concentrated Flow Erosion (Classic Gully & Ephemeral Erosion) and Excessive Sediment in surface waters. Waterway area measured from top of bank to top of bank. Seeding area is 20% greater than waterway area to account for disturbed areas. Costs include excavation and associated work to construct the overall shape and grade of the waterway.

Before:
The field has a small gulley which is cutting deeper into the field as time goes on so it needs to be stopped or controlled. Excessive sedimentation and soil erosion as a result from ephemeral or classic gully erosion. Gully has formed in field as a result of excessive runoff and poor cropping techniques. Grassed waterway is also commonly installed to convey runoff from concentrated flows, terraces, diversions, or water control structures or similar practices to a suitable, stable outlet.

After:
Installed grassed waterway is 1200 ' long, 12' bottom, 8:1 side slopes, 1.5' depth. The practice is installed using a dozer. Use Critical Area Planting (342) for establishment of waterway vegetation. If erosion control blankets or mulching for seedbed establishment/protection are needed, use conservation practice Mulching (484). Drainage tile, if needed, will be installed according to Subsurface Drain (606). Outlets, if needed will be installed using Structure for Water Control (587). If inlet Structures are needed with the drainage tile, then those will be installed using Underground Outlet (620).


Scenario_Description:
Typical practice is 1200 ' long, 12' bottom, 8:1 side slopes, 1.5' depth, half excavation. A grass waterway that is a shaped or graded channel and is established with suitable vegetation to carry surface water at a non-erosive velocity to a stable outlet. Fabric or stone checks are installed every 100 feet along the length of the waterway perpendicular to water flow and are 2/3 the waterway top width to reduce maintenance and provide temporary protection until vegetation is established. Fabric Checks are installed 18" deep with 12" laid over on the surface. (Alternatively, rock checks could be installed). This practice addresses Concentrated Flow Erosion (Classic Gully & Ephemeral Erosion) and Excessive Sediment in surface waters. Waterway area measured from top of bank to top of bank. Seeding area is 20% greater than waterway area to account for disturbed areas. Costs include excavation and associated work to construct the overall shape and grade of the waterway.

After:
Installed grassed waterway is 1200 ' long, 12' bottom, 8:1 side slopes, 1.5' depth. Fabric checks are installed every 100 feet along the length of the waterway. The practice is installed using a dozer. Fabric or stone checks are installed with small backhoe and labor. Use Critical Area Planting (342) for establishment of waterway vegetation. If erosion control blankets or mulching for seedbed establishment/protection are needed, use conservation practice Mulching (484). Drainage tile, if needed, will be installed according to Subsurface Drain (606). Outlets, if needed will be installed using Structure for Water Control (587). If inlet Structures are needed with the drainage tile, then those will be installed using Underground Outlet (620).


Scenario_Description:
In addition to the traditional hedgerow purposes where pollinator habitat is an additional wildlife habitat concern this scenario addresses the resource concern of inadequate fish and wildlife habitat. It provides both physical habitat by providing areas that are not disturbed by annual tillage and provides pollen and nectar throughout the growing season by establishing a diverse mixture of flowering plants. Typically a mixture of 5 or more species is planted to improve diversity so that pollen and nectar are available as long as possible. Typical installation is in or at the edge of cropland or pasture. Typical installation involves tillage to prepare the site for planting. Flowering trees and shrubs adapted for local climatic and edaphic conditions are typically planted at eight foot intervals (this will vary with species selection and density goals). A native grass adapted to the local climatic and edaphic conditions will be drilled into the site at a rate that will achieve a minimum of 20 seeds per square foot. A locally adapted mixture of at 3 pollen and nectar producing plants will be drilled into the site. The species list in the component section of this scenario are strictly for deriving a cost. Species adapted to local climatic and edaphic conditions will be listed in the specification for the site. There is tremendous overlap between this practice and conservation practice 380 Windbreak/Shelterbelt establishment. The main difference is that conservation practice 380 is exclusively woody plants where practice 422 provides for the use of herbaceous materials. If a fence is needed to facilitate establishment use practice 382, Fence.

Before:
Pollen and nectar sources are lacking or are only available for part of the growing season. Large cropland tracks lack undisturbed areas for ground nesting bees

After:
Flowering plants supply pollen and nectar throughout the growing season. Undisturbed areas provide nesting sites for bees and other native pollinators.


Scenario_Description:
Typically installation of this scenario is within an annually cropped field. The hedge row is planted on the contour to provide a physical and visual aid to contour farming. This scenario is used to facilitate additional measures that address the resource concerns of; sheet and rill soil erosion and Water Quality Degradation, excess sediment in surface waters. Trees, shrubs, and grasses adapted for local climatic and edaphic conditions are typically planted at eight foot intervals (this will vary with species selection and density goals). Species selected should be at least three feet tall at maturity. There is tremendous overlap between this practice and conservation practice 380 Windbreak/Shelterbelt establishment. The main difference is that conservation practice 380 is exclusively woody plants where practice 422 provides for the use of herbaceous materials. If a fence is needed to facilitate establishment use practice 382, Fence.

Before:
Contour farming practices are made difficult or less effective due to a lack of visual clues as to the location of the contours. Soil is lost to sheet and rill erosion. Sediments are deposited into surface waters.

After:
Hedgerow planted on the contour presents a physical and visual guide for tillage and planting operations on the contour. Soil erosion from sheet and rill sources is reduced and the resultant deposition of sediment to surface waters is in turn reduced.


Scenario_Description:
Typically installation of this scenario is within an annually cropped field. The hedge row is planted on the contour to provide a physical and visual aid to contour farming. This scenario is used to facilitate additional measures that address the resource concerns of; sheet and rill soil erosion and Water Quality Degradation, excess sediment in surface waters. Trees, shrubs, and exotic grasses adapted for local climatic and edaphic conditions are selected. Typically woody species are planted at eight foot intervals (this will vary with species selection and density goals). Species selected should be at least three feet tall at maturity. There is tremendous overlap between this practice and conservation practice 380 Windbreak/Shelterbelt establishment. The main difference is that conservation practice 380 is exclusively woody plants where practice 422 provides for the use of herbaceous materials. If a fence is needed to facilitate establishment use practice 382, Fence.


Scenario_Description:
Typically installed in or at the edge of cropland or pasture this scenario is used to address the Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife resource concern. Specifically, the establishment of dense vegetation in a linear design can be used to provide for several habitat elements depending on the needs identified in the habitat assessment. This scenario can provide: habitat connectivity, food, and cover for wildlife depending on design and plant species selection. The 422 standard for wildlife criteria calls for a minimum of two species of native plants. Typical installation involves tillage to prepare the site for planting. 2 Trees and/or shrubs adapted for local climatic and edaphic conditions are typically plant at eight foot intervals (this will vary with species selection and density goals). A mix of 2 native warm season grasses adapted to the local climatic and edaphic conditions will be drilled into the site at a rate that will achieve a minimum of 20 seeds per square foot. The species list in the component section of this scenario are strictly for deriving a cost. Plant species adapted to the local climatic and edaphic conditions that address the resource concern will be stated in the specification for the site. There is tremendous overlap between this practice and conservation practice 380 Windbreak/Shelterbelt establishment. The main difference is that conservation practice 380 is exclusively woody plants where practice 422 provides for the use of herbaceous materials. If a fence is needed to facilitate establishment use practice 382, Fence.

Before:
Habitat patches lack connectivity. Cover is inadequate to allow wildlife to exploit cropland food resources. Berries and mast are limited.

After:
Inadequate habitat for fish and wildlife is addressed for needs identified in the resource assessment. Habitat patches are connected by dense hedgerow vegetation. Food resources in crop fields are made available by their proximity to hedgerow cover. Planting may include fruit and mast bearing species, improving food supply, depending on needs being addressed.


Scenario_Description:
This scenario is for machine planting of woody species. Typically installed in or at the edge of cropland or pasture this scenario is used to address the Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife resource concern. Specifically, the establishment of dense vegetation in a linear design can be used to provide for several habitat elements depending on the needs identified in the habitat assessment. This scenario can provide: habitat connectivity, food, and cover for wildlife depending on design and plant species selection. The 422 standard for wildlife criteria calls for a minimum of two species of native plants. Typical installation involves tillage to prepare the site for planting. 2 Trees and/or shrubs adapted for local climatic and edaphic conditions are typically plant at eight foot intervals (this will vary with species selection and density goals). A mix of 2 native grasses adapted to the local climatic and edaphic conditions will be drilled into the site at a rate that will achieve a minimum of 20 seeds per square foot. The species list in the component section of this scenario are strictly for deriving a cost. Plant species adapted to the local climatic and edaphic conditions that address the resource concern will be stated in the specification for the site. There is tremendous overlap between this practice and conservation practice 380 Windbreak/Shelterbelt establishment. The main difference is that conservation practice 380 is exclusively woody plants where practice 422 provides for the use of herbaceous materials. If a fence is needed to facilitate establishment use practice 382, Fence.


Scenario_Description:
Typically installed in or at the edge of cropland or pasture this scenario is used to address the Inadequate Habitat for Fish and Wildlife resource concern. Specifically, the establishment of dense vegetation in a linear design can be used to provide for several habitat elements depending on the needs identified in the habitat assessment. This scenario can provide: habitat connectivity, food, and cover for wildlife depending on design and plant species selection. The 422 standard for wildlife criteria calls for a minimum of two species of native plants. Typical installation involves tillage to prepare the site for planting. 2 Trees and/or shrubs adapted for local climatic and edaphic conditions are typically plant at eight foot intervals (this will vary with species selection and density goals). A native cool season grass adapted to the local climatic and edaphic conditions will be drilled into the site at a rate that will achieve a minimum of 20 seeds per square foot. The species list in the component section of this scenario are strictly for deriving a cost. Plant species adapted to the local climatic and edaphic conditions that address the resource concern will be stated in the specification for the site. There is tremendous overlap between this practice and conservation practice 380 Windbreak/Shelterbelt establishment. The main difference is that conservation practice 380 is exclusively woody plants where practice 422 provides for the use of herbaceous materials. If a fence is needed to facilitate establishment use practice 382, Fence.


Scenario_Description:
Construct quarter mile of concrete (2.5 inch in thickness) lining in an existing ditch alignment to convey water from the source of supply to a field or fields in a farm distribution system. Typical scenario includes filling the old ditch with on-site fill material, compacting, and constructing an 8 ft pad with on site fill material. This scenario does not include any check or outlets gates. A trapezoidal trencher forms the ditch (typical cross-section: 1 ft bottom, 2.5 feet depth including freeboard, and 1:1 side slope) and lining with concrete slip forms (total width = 8.07 ft). Resource Concerns: Insufficient water - Inefficient use of irrigation water; Soil erosion - Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or channels. Associated Practices: 320-Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 388-Irrigation Field Ditch; 443-Irrigation System, Surface or Subsurface Water; 533-Pumping Plant; 430-Irrigation Pipeline; 587-Structure for Water Control.

Before:
Leaky and erosive earthen irrigation ditch.

After:
Impervious lining prevents seepage, reduces energy use and improves water quality and irrigation efficiency.


Scenario_Name:
Concrete lined ditch-thick, 1.5 ft bottom

Scenario_Description:
Construct quarter mile (1320') of concrete (3.0 inch in thickness) lining in an existing ditch alignment to convey water from the source of supply to a field or fields in a farm distribution system. Typical scenario includes filling the old ditch with on-site fill material, compacting, and constructing an 8 ft pad with on site fill material. This scenario does not include any check or outlets gates. A trapezoidal trencher forms the ditch (typical cross-section: 1.5 ft bottom, 2.5 ft depth including freeboard, and 1:1 side slope) and lining with concrete slip forms (total width = 8.57 ft). 1 foot bottom ditch is needed deliver expected water flows on relatively flat grades. Resource Concerns: Insufficient water - Inefficient use of irrigation water; Soil erosion - Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or channels. Associated Practices: 320-Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 388-Irrigation Field Ditch; 443-Irrigation System, Surface or Subsurface Water; 533-Pumping Plant; 430-Irrigation Pipeline; 587-Structure for Water Control.


Scenario_Description:
Construct quarter mile of concrete (2.5 inch in thickness) lining in an existing ditch alignment to convey water from the source of supply to a field or fields in a farm distribution system. Typical scenario includes filling the old ditch with on-site fill material, compacting, and constructing an 8 ft pad with on site fill material. This scenario does not include any check or outlets gates. A trapezoidal trencher forms the ditch (typical cross-section: 2 ft bottom, 2.5 ft depth including freeboard, and 1:1 side slope) and lining with concrete slip forms (total width = 9.07 ft). Two foot bottom ditch is needed for higher water flows (10+ cfs) on relatively flat grades. Resource Concerns: Insufficient water - Inefficient use of irrigation water; Soil erosion - Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or channels. Associated Practices: 320-Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 388-Irrigation Field Ditch; 443-Irrigation System, Surface or Subsurface Water; 533-Pumping Plant; 430-Irrigation Pipeline; 587-Structure for Water Control.


Scenario_Description:
Construct quarter mile of concrete (2.5 inch in thickness) lining in an existing ditch alignment to convey water from the source of supply to a field or fields in a farm distribution system. Typical scenario includes filling the old ditch with on-site fill material, compacting, and constructing a 12 ft pad with on site fill material. This scenario does not include any check or outlets gates. A trapezoidal trencher forms the ditch (typical cross-section: 3 ft bottom, 2.5 ft depth including freeboard, and 1:1 side slope) and lining with concrete slip forms (total width = 10.07 ft). Three foot bottom ditch is needed for higher water flows (20+ cfs) on relatively flat grades. Resource Concerns: Insufficient water - Inefficient use of irrigation water; Soil erosion - Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or channels. Associated Practices: 320-Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 388-Irrigation Field Ditch; 443-Irrigation System, Surface or Subsurface Water; 533-Pumping Plant; 430-Irrigation Pipeline; 587-Structure for Water Control.


Scenario_Description:
Construct quarter mile (1320') of concrete (3.0 inch in thickness) lining in an existing ditch alignment with hand formed notches, located at the top of the ditch on field side, to convey water from the source of supply to a field or fields in a farm distribution system. Notches are typically spaced to match field crop row spacing and are wedge shaped with typical dimensions of 2" bottom width, 6'' top width and 6" deep. Typical scenario includes filling the old ditch with on-site fill material, compacting, and constructing an 8 ft pad with on site fill material. This scenario does not include any check or outlets gates. A trapezoidal trencher forms the ditch (typical cross-section: 1.5 ft bottom, 2.5 ft depth including freeboard, and 1:1 side slope) and lining with concrete slip forms (total width = 8.57 ft). 1.5 foot bottom ditch is needed deliver expected water flows on relatively flat grades. Resource Concerns: Insufficient water - Inefficient use of irrigation water; Soil erosion - Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or channels. Associated Practices: 320-Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 388-Irrigation Field Ditch; 443-Irrigation System, Surface or Subsurface Water; 533-Pumping Plant; 430-Irrigation Pipeline; 587-Structure for Water Control.


Scenario_Description:
Construct quarter mile of uncovered flexible membrane (30mil HDPE) lining in an existing ditch alignment to convey water from the source of supply to a field or fields in a farm distribution system. Typical scenario includes subgrade preparation via clearing & grubbing, shaping old channel with no bedding or geotextile cushion to place, and placing membrane with 8 inch tuck/anchor on each side (total liner width = 8 ft). Scenario assumes typical trapezoidal ditch (1 ft bottom, 2 ft depth including freeboard, and 1:1 side slope). Resource Concerns: Insufficient water - Inefficient use of irrigation water; Soil erosion - Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or channels. Associated Practices: 320-Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 388-Irrigation Field Ditch; 443-Irrigation System, Surface or Subsurface Water; 533-Pumping Plant; 430-Irrigation Pipeline; 587-Structure for Water Control.


Scenario_Description:
Construct short transition of concrete lining in an existing ditch alignment to convey water from one section of a ditch to another. Typical scenario includes hand placing concrete in the transition section where equipment cannot reach.

Before:
need to connect one end of a ditch with a specific cross section to another ditch with the same or different cross section that may include placing a transition in a curve which requires hand placement.

After:
Transitions prevents seepage and erosion at ditch joints, reduces energy use and improves water quality and irrigation efficiency.


Scenario_Description:
Construct 1000 feet of uncovered semi-rigid HDPE liner in an existing ditch alignment to convey water from the source of supply to a field or fields in a farm distribution system. Typical scenario includes subgrade preparation via clearing & grubbing, shaping old channel to place, and placing edge anchors as required for installation. Scenario assumes typical trapezoidal ditch (1 ft bottom, 2 ft depth including freeboard, and 1:1 side slope). Total width is 8 ft. Resource Concerns: Insufficient water - Inefficient use of irrigation water; Soil erosion - Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or channels. Associated Practices: 320-Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 388-Irrigation Field Ditch; 443-Irrigation System, Surface or Subsurface Water; 533-Pumping Plant; 430-Irrigation Pipeline; 587-Structure for Water Control.


Scenario_Description:
Construct quarter mile of concrete (3 inch in thickness) lining in an existing ditch alignment to convey water from the source of supply to a field or fields in a farm distribution system. Typical scenario includes filling the old ditch with on-site fill material, compacting, and constructing an 8 ft pad with on site fill material. This scenario does not include any check or outlets gates. A grader cuts the ditch section (typical cross-section: 2 ft bottom, 2.5 feet depth including freeboard, and 1:1 side slope) and lining with concrete by forming and hand placing concrete sections. This ditch type may also be used in certain situations when the back and front of the ditch are at different design elevations. Typical cy/lf is 0.0874. Resource Concerns: Insufficient water - Inefficient use of irrigation water; Soil erosion - Excessive bank erosion from streams shorelines or channels. Associated Practices: 320-Irrigation Canal or Lateral; 388-Irrigation Field Ditch; 443-Irrigation System, Surface or Subsurface Water; 533- Pumping Plant; 430-Irrigation Pipeline; 587-Structure for Water Control.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Description: Below ground installation of PVC (Plastic Irrigation Pipe) pipeline. PVC (PIP) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from 4-inch to 27-inch; typical practice sizes range from 4-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 6-inch. Construct 1/4 mile (1,320 feet) of 6-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51, PVC-Plastic Irrigation Pipe (PIP) pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum of 30 inches of ground cover. The unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 1,320 feet of 6-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51) PVC-PIP pipe weighs 1.49 lb/ft, or a total of 1966 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters, riser pipe assemblies, or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of PVC (Plastic Irrigation Pipe) pipeline. PVC (PIP) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from 4-inch to 27-inch; typical practice sizes range from 4-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 6-inch. Construct 500 feet of 6-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51, PVC-Plastic Irrigation Pipe (PIP) pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum of 30 inches of ground cover. This scenario includes 50 feet of boring. The unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 500 feet of 6-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51) PVC-PIP pipe weighs 1.49 lb/ft, or a total of 745pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters, riser pipe assemblies, or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of PVC (Plastic Irrigation Pipe) pipeline. PVC (PIP) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from 4-inch to 27-inch; typical practice sizes range from 4-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 6-inch. Construct 1/4 mile (1,320 feet) of 6-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51, PVC-Plastic Irrigation Pipe (PIP) pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum of 30 inches of ground cover. This scenario includes 4 alfalfa valves. The unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 1,320 feet of 6-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51) PVC-PIP pipe weighs 1.49 lb/ft, or a total of 1966 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters, or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of PVC (Plastic Irrigation Pipe) pipeline with diameters greater than or equal to 10 inches. PVC (PIP) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from 4-inch to 27-inch; typical practice sizes range from 4-inch to 24-inch; and typical scenario size is 12-inch. Construct 1/4 mile (1,320 feet) of 12-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51, PVC-Plastic Irrigation Pipe (PIP) pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum of 30 inches of ground cover. The unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 1,320 feet of 12-inch, Class 80 (SDR-51) PVC-PIP pipe weighs 5.82 lb/ft, or a total of 7677 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, air vents, pressure relief valves, thrust blocks, and inline valves, and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Cost of appurtenances does not include flow meters, riser pipe assemblies, or backflow preventers. Typical installation applies to soils with no special bedding requirements. Resource Concerns: Inefficient Use of Irrigation Water; Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: 436 - Irrigation Reservoir; 441 - Irrigation System, Microirrigation; 442 - Irrigation System, Sprinkler; 443 - Irrigation System, Surface & Subsurface; 447 - Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery; 533 - Pumping Plant; 634 - Waste Transfer.


Scenario_Name:
Introduced Cool Season Grasses with Legumes

Scenario_Description:
Establish or reseed adapted perennial introduced cool season grasses and legumes to improve or maintain livestock/wildlife nutrition and health, extend the length of the grazing season, and provide soil cover to reduce erosion. Used for either conventional or no-till seeding of perennial introduced cool season grasses for pasture, hayland, and wildlife openings. This practice may be utilized for organic or regular production. This scenario assumes fertilizer, seed, equipment and labor for seed bed prep, tillage, seeding ,and spreading.

Before:
Poor or nonexistent stand of grass species. Resource concerns may include undesirable plant productivity and health, inadequate feed and forage for livestock, soil erosion and soil quality.

After:
Suitable species are established to improve forage quality and quantity and reduce soil erosion on cropland ,hayland, pasture, and/or biomass production.


Scenario_Name:
Introduced Cool Season Grasses with Legumes with Low Input

Scenario_Description:
Establish or reseed adapted perennial introduced cool season grasses and legumes to improve or maintain livestock/wildlife nutrition and health, extend the length of the grazing season, and provide soil cover to reduce erosion. Used for either conventional or no-till seeding of perennial introduced cool season grasses for pasture, hayland, and wildlife openings. This practice may be utilized for organic or regular production. This scenario assumes fertility and pH are not needed. Seed, equipment and labor for seed bed prep, tillage, seeding ,and spreading are included.


Scenario_Description:
Establish or reseed adapted introduced warm season grasses to improve or maintain livestock/wildlife nutrition and health, extend the length of the grazing season, and provide soil cover to reduce erosion. Used for either conventional or no-till seeding of perennial introduced warm season grasses for pasture, hayland, and wildlife openings. This practice may be utilized for organic or regular production. This scenario assumes fertilizer, seed, equipment and labor for seed bed prep, tillage, seeding ,and spreading.

Before:
Existing stand of perennial grasses or monoculture or no grasses present. Resource concerns may include undesirable plant productivity and health, inadequate feed and forage for livestock, soil erosion and soil quality.


Scenario_Name:
Introduced Warm Season Grasses with Low Input

Scenario_Description:
Establish or reseed adapted introduced warm season grasses to improve or maintain livestock/wildlife nutrition and health, extend the length of the grazing season, and provide soil cover to reduce erosion. Used for either conventional or no-till seeding of perennial introduced warm season grasses for pasture, hayland, and wildlife openings. This practice may be utilized for organic or regular production. This scenario assumes fertility and pH are not needed. Seed, equipment and labor for seed bed prep, tillage, seeding ,and spreading are included.


Scenario_Description:
Sprigging new grasses with sprigging application for the purpose of providing forage, increasing plant diversity, soil quality and fertility, and plant health. This practice may be utilized for organic or regular production. This scenario assumes fertilizer, sprigs, equipment and labor for seed bed prep, tillage, sprigging ,and spreading.


Scenario_Description:
Establishment of legumes for the purpose of increasing plant diversity, soil quality and fertility, and plant health and enhancing the quality of forage. This practice may be utilized for organic or regular production. This scenario assumes fertilizer, seed, equipment and labor for seed bed prep, tillage, seeding ,and spreading.

Before:
Existing stand of perennial grasses or monoculture with no legumes present .

After:
Legumes will be maintained through proper grazing management and improve plant diversity and soil quality.


Scenario_Name:
Native perennial, Conversion from Irrigated cropland, w/FI

Scenario_Description:
Establish a new pasture with 2 or more adapted perennial native warm season grasses on land converted from cropland to provide soil cover to reduce erosion, reduce impacts to groundwater aquifers and provide habitat for wildlife. Used for either conventional or no-till seeding of perennial native warm season grasses for pasture, hayland, and wildlife openings. This practice may be utilized for organic or regular production. This scenario includes foregone income when IRRIGATED crops are no longer produced. It assumes fertilizer, seed, equipment and labor for seed bed prep, tillage, seeding ,and spreading.

Before:
Existing monoculture cropland. Resource concerns may include inadequate habitat for fish and wildlife, soil erosion, and soil quality degradation.

After:
A diversified stand of predominantly native grasses is established to protect soil from erosion, increase carbon sequestration, improve soil health, provide habitat for pollinators and other wildlife, and provide adequate forage for livestock.


Scenario_Name:
Conversion from Irrigated cropland, lower value crops, w/FI

Scenario_Description:
Establish a new pasture with 2 or more adapted perennial native warm season grasses on land converted from cropland to provide soil cover to reduce erosion, reduce impacts to groundwater aquifers and provide habitat for wildlife. Used for either conventional or no-till seeding of perennial native warm season grasses for pasture, hayland, and wildlife openings. This practice may be utilized for organic or regular production. This scenario includes foregone income when irrigated crops of LOWER VALUE are no longer produced. It assumes fertilizer, seed, equipment and labor for seed bed prep, tillage, seeding ,and spreading.

Before:
A monoculture of lower value crops, such as wheat, are grown on cropland. The resource concerns include soil erosion, soil quality degradation, inadequate habitat for fish and wildlife.

After:
A diversified stand of predominantly native grasses is established to protect soil from erosion, increase carbon sequestration and improve soil health, provide habitat for pollinators and other wildlife, and provide adequate forage for livestock.


Scenario_Name:
Native perennial, Conversion from Dryland cropland, w/FI

Scenario_Description:
Establish a new pasture with 2 or more adapted perennial native warm season grasses on land converted from cropland to provide soil cover to reduce erosion, reduce impacts to groundwater aquifers and provide habitat for wildlife. Used for either conventional or no-till seeding of perennial native warm season grasses for pasture, hayland, and wildlife openings. This practice may be utilized for organic or regular production. This scenario includes foregone income when DRYLAND crops are no longer produced. It assumes fertilizer, seed, equipment and labor for seed bed prep, tillage, seeding ,and spreading.

Before:
A monoculture of DRYLAND crops are grown on cropland. The resource concerns include soil erosion, soil quality degradation, inadequate habitat for fish and wildlife.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of PVC (Iron Pipe Size) pipeline. PVC (IPS) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from ½-inch to 36-inch; typical practice sizes range from 1-inch to 4-inch; and typical scenario size is 1½-inch. Construct one mile (5,280 feet) of 1½-inch, Schedule 40, PVC Pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum 1.5 feet of ground cover. The scenario unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 5,280 feet of 1½-inch, Schedule 40, PVC pipe weighs 0.501 lb/ft, or a total of 2,645 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, thrust blocks, gate valves (2), air release valves (2), drain valve (1), and pressure relief valve (1), and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Revegetation is not included. Resource Concerns: Inadequate Livestock Water, Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: Critical Area Planting (342), Pumping Plant (533), Watering Facility (614), and Water Harvesting Catchment (636).

Before:
Water supplies need to be conveyed through pipelines for use by livestock or wildlife.

After:
Pipeline(s) convey and/or distribute water to storage and/or watering facilities, for use by livestock or wildlife.


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of HDPE (Iron Pipe Size & Tubing) pipeline. HDPE (IPS &Tubing) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from ½-inch to 24-inch; typical practice sizes range from 1-inch to 4-inch; and typical scenario size is 1½-inch. Construct one mile (5,280 feet) of 1½-inch, Class 200 (SDR-9.0, PE4708), HDPE Pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum 1.5 feet of ground cover. Typical size range of pipe installed: 1-inch to 4-inch. The scenario unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 5,280 feet of 1½-inch, Class 200 (SDR-9.0, PE4708), HDPE pipe weighs 0.475 lb/ft, or a total of 2,508 pounds. Appurtenances include: fittings, anchors, thrust blocks, gate valves (2), air release valves (2), drain valve (1), and pressure relief valve (1), and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Revegetation is not included. Resource Concerns: Inadequate Livestock Water, Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: Critical Area Planting (342), Pumping Plant (533), Watering Facility (614), and Water Harvesting Catchment (636).


Scenario_Name:
HDPE (Iron Pipe Size & Tubing) < 3 inch Boring


Scenario_Name:
HDPE (Iron Pipe Size & Tubing) >3 inch Boring


Scenario_Description:
Description: on-ground surface installation of HDPE (Iron Pipe Size & Tubing) pipeline. HDPE (IPS & Tubing) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from ½-inch to 24-inch; typical practice sizes range from 1-inch to 4-inch; and typical scenario size is 1½-inch. Construct one mile (5,280 feet) of 1½-inch, Class 200 (SDR-9.0, PE4708), HDPE Pipeline with appurtenances, installed on the ground surface. Typical size range of pipe installed: 1-inch to 4-inch. The scenario unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 5,280 feet of 1½-inch, Class 200 (SDR-9.0, PE4708), HDPE pipe weighs 0.475 lb/ft, or a total of 2,508 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, anchors, thrust blocks, gate valves (2), air release valves (2), drain valve (1), and pressure relief valve (1), and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 15% of pipe material quantity). Revegetation is not included. Resource Concerns: Inadequate Livestock Water, Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: Critical Area Planting (342), Pumping Plant (533), Watering Facility (614), and Water Harvesting Catchment (636).


Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of Steel (Iron Pipe Size) pipeline. Steel (IPS) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from ½-inch to 36-inch; typical practice sizes range from 1-inch to 4-inch; and typical scenario size is 1½-inch. Construct one mile (5,280 feet) of 1½-inch, Schedule 40, Galvanized Steel Pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum 1.5 feet of ground cover. Typical size range of pipe installed: 1-inch to 4-inch. The scenario unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 5,280 feet of 1½-inch, Schedule 40, Galvanized Steel Pipe weighs 2.718 lb/ft, or a total of 14,351 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, thrust blocks, gate valves (2), air release valves (2), drain valve (1), and pressure relief valve (1), and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Revegetation is not included. Resource Concerns: Inadequate Livestock Water, Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: Critical Area Planting (342), Pumping Plant (533), Watering Facility (614), and Water Harvesting Catchment (636).


Scenario_Description:
Description: on-ground surface installation of Steel (Iron Pipe Size) pipeline. Steel (IPS) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from ½-inch to 36-inch; typical practice sizes range from 1-inch to 4-inch; and typical scenario size is 1½-inch. Construct one mile (5,280 feet) of 1½-inch, Schedule 40, Galvanized Steel Pipeline with appurtenances, installed on the ground surface. Typical size range of pipe installed: 1-inch to 4-inch. The scenario unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 5,280 feet of 1½-inch, Schedule 40, Galvanized Steel Pipe weighs 2.718 lb/ft, or a total of 14,351 pounds. Appurtenances include: couplings, fittings, expansion joints, anchors, thrust blocks, gate valves (2), air release valves (2), drain valve (1), and pressure relief valve (1), and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 15% of pipe material quantity). Revegetation is not included. Resource Concerns: Inadequate Livestock Water, Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: Critical Area Planting (342), Pumping Plant (533), Watering Facility (614), and Water Harvesting Catchment (636).


Scenario_Name:
HDPE (Iron Pipe Size & Tubing) - Remote locations

Scenario_Description:
Description: Below ground installation of HDPE (Iron Pipe Size & Tubing) pipeline. HDPE (IPS &Tubing) is manufactured in sizes (nominal diameter) from ½-inch to 24-inch; typical practice sizes range from 1-inch to 4-inch; and typical scenario size is 1½-inch. Construct one mile (5,280 feet) of 1½-inch, Class 200 (SDR-9.0, PE4708), HDPE Pipeline with appurtenances, installed below ground with a minimum 1.5 feet of ground cover. Typical size range of pipe installed: 1-inch to 4-inch. The scenario unit is weight of pipe material in pounds. 5,280 feet of 1½-inch, Class 200 (SDR-9.0, PE4708), HDPE pipe weighs 0.475 lb/ft, or a total of 2,508 pounds. Appurtenances include: fittings, anchors, thrust blocks, gate valves (2), air release valves (2), drain valve (1), and pressure relief valve (1), and are included in the cost of pipe material (additional 10% of pipe material quantity). Revegetation is not included. Scenario specifically applies to remote locations that are 50 or miles from source of equipment and/or materials. Resource Concerns: Inadequate Livestock Water, Inefficient Energy Use. Associated Practices: Critical Area Planting (342), Pumping Plant (533), Watering Facility (614), and Water Harvesting Catchment (636).


Practice:
520 - Pond Sealing or Lining, Compacted Soil Treatment

Scenario_Description:
Construction of a compacted soil liner, treated with a soil dispersant, to reduce seepage from ponds or waste storage impoundment structures. Practice implementation includes incorporation of the dispersant with the soil liner under proper moisture conditions and compaction to the designed liner thickness. Practice implementation may require filter compatibility with the subgrade (graded filter or geotextile). Associated practice PS378, PS313.

Before:
In-place soils at site exhibit seepage rates in excess of acceptable limits. Soils are suitable for treatment with dispersants.

After:
Water conservation and environmental protection provided by limiting seepage losses from ponds or waste storage impoundments.


Scenario_Description:
A micro-irrigation system, utilizing surface PE tubing (can be placed on trellis or above ground) with emitters to provide irrigation on small acreages that have an orchard, vineyard, or a specialty row crop. The typical system is a permanent system, installed on 5 acres or less growing specialty row crops on 38 inch row spacing. Laterals are spaced 38 inches apart. This system scenario utilizes above ground micro or drip irrigation tubing with emitters built in. PVC pipe (mainline, submains, etc.) are buried. This system typically includes a filter system, PE tubing laterals, PVC manifolds, and submains, valves, fittings, emitters, flow meter, backflow prevention device, etc. This practice applies to systems designed to discharge < 60 gal/hr at each individual lateral discharge point. Does not include Pump, Power source, Water source (well or reservoir) Flow meter. Resource Concerns: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water, Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable plant productivity and health, Water Quality Degradation - Excessive sediment in surface waters, and Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and facilities. Associated Practices: 533-Pumping Plant, 449- Irrigation Water Management, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 433 - Irrigation Flow Measurement, 587 - Structure for Water Control, 610 - Salinity & Sodic Soil Management, 434 - Soil Moisture Measurement, 328-Conservation Crop Rotation, and 590 Nutrient Management.

Before:
A small farm (5 acres or less) has an inefficient surface flood irrigation system causing irrigation water loss that impacts water quality and water quantity.

After:
A surface placed micro irrigation system is utilized to provide highly efficient irrigation to a small farm. Water applications are reduced and runoff eliminated. Offsite water quality is improved, and on site water use is reduced.


Scenario_Description:
A micro-irrigation system, utilizing surface PE tubing for the establishment of linear vegetation such as a windbreak, hedgerow, shelterbelt, or field border. The typical system is a permanent system, installed on a 3 row 1000' windbreak on the ground surface (total of 3000' lf). The windbreak has a tree or plant spacing of 8 feet, and a 15 ft lateral spacing. This system utilizes emitters at each tree or plant as the water application device. This system typically includes a filter system, PE tubing, emitters, etc. This practice applies to systems designed to discharge < 60 gal/hr at each individual lateral discharge point. Does not include Pump, Power source, Water source (well or reservoir),Flow meter. Resource Concerns: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water, Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable plant productivity and health, Water Quality Degradation - Excessive sediment in surface waters, and Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and facilities. Associated Practices: 380-Windbreak/Shelterbelt Establishment, 533-Pumping Plant, 449- Irrigation Water Management, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 433 - Irrigation Flow Measurement, 587 - Structure for Water Control, 610 - Salinity & Sodic Soil Management, 434 - Soil Moisture Measurement, 328-Conservation Crop Rotation, and 590 Nutrient Management.

Before:
A tree row has an insufficient available water source causing plant health (establishment and persistence) concerns.

After:
A surface placed micro irrigation system is utilized to provide highly efficient irrigation to a tree row to address plant health concerns.


Scenario_Description:
Surface Microirrigation system for 30' x 96' seasonal high tunnel, 24" rows with emitters on a 12" spacing. Resource Concerns: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water, Degraded Plant Condition - Undesirable plant productivity and health, Water Quality Degradation - Excessive sediment in surface waters, and Inefficient Energy Use - Equipment and facilities. Associated Practices: 533-Pumping Plant, 449- Irrigation Water Management, 430 - Irrigation Pipeline, 433 - Irrigation Flow Measurement, 328-Conservation Crop Rotation, 587 - Structure for Water Control, and 590 Nutrient Management.

Before:
An enclosed field has an inefficient garden-hose based sprinkler irrigation system causing irrigation water loss that impacts water quality and water quantity.

After:
A surface placed micro irrigation system is utilized to provide highly efficient irrigation to an area. Water applications are reduced and runoff eliminated. Offsite water quality is improved, and on site water use is reduced.


Scenario_Name:
SDI (Subsurface Drip Irrigation) Existing Filter Station

Scenario_Description:
A subsurface drip irrigation system (SDI) with a lateral spacing between 37-59 inches. This buried drip irrigation system utilizes a thin wall dripper line or tape with inline emitters at a uniform spacing of the system laterals. The dripper line or tape is normally installed by being plowed in approx. 10-14 inches deep with a chisel shank type plow equipped with tape reels. This type of drip irrigation system utilizes a buried supply manifold with automated zone control valves and a buried flush manifold with manual flush valves. This permanent micro-irrigation system DOES NOT include an automated filter system, flow meter, backflow prevention device, or automated control box or timer. These components already exist, and will function properly and meet NRCS criteria with the additional acreage. It DOES include thin wall dripper line or tape for laterals, both a supply and a flushing manifold and numerous types of water control valves. This system excludes a filter station, but includes all other components out to the flush valves. Does not include Pump, Power source, Water source (well or reservoir), Flow meter. The water supply line from the water source to the existing filter station is an irrigation pipeline (430) and is not included as part of this system. Resource Concerns: Insufficient Water - Inefficient use of irrigation water, Degraded Plant Condition -Undesirable plant productivity and health, Water Quality Degradation -Excessive sediment in surface waters, and Inefficient Energy Use -Equipment and facilities. Associated Practices: 533 -Pumping Plant, 449 -Irrigation Water Management, 430- Irrigation Pipeline, 433 -Irrigation Flow Measurement, 587-Structure For Water Control, 610-Salinity & Sodic Soil Management, 434-Soil Moisture Measurement, 328- Conservation Crop Rotation, and 590 -Nutrient Management.

Before:
Typical before irrigation situation would normally be an existing inefficient surface or sprinkler irrigation system on a cropland or hayland field. The existing irrigation system would experience poor, non-uniform irrigation applications and significant water losses affecting water quantity and water quality.

After:
A typical practice would be the installation of a subsurface drip irrigation system (SDI) on a 60 acre cropland or hayland field. The system lateral (thin wall dripper line or tape) spacing would be 40 inches. This highly efficient SDI (buried) irrigation system provides irrigation water directly to the plant root zone eliminating application losses resulting in a very high water application efficiency and properly designed, these SDI systems are capable of very uniform water applications. Typical field size is 60 acres.


Scenario_Description:
Installation of a low pressure center pivot system. Resource concerns include: Soil Erosion (Concentrated flow erosion e.g. irrigation induced), Insufficient Water (Inefficient use of irrigation water), Water Quality Degradation (Excess nutrients in surface and ground waters, Excessive salts in surface and ground waters, Excess pathogens and chemicals from manure, bio-solids or compost applications). Associated Practices: Irrigation Pipeline (430), Pumping Plant (533), Irrigation Water Management (449)

Before:
A 160 acre field is flood irrigated. Application of irrigation water is inefficient and non-uniform. Irrigation water is typically over applied in some parts of the field, and under applied in others. Deep percolation from the excess irrigation delivers excess nutrients salts, and chemicals to the ground water. Runoff from the field contains excess nutrients and degrades the receiving waters. Irrigated induced erosion is excessive.

After:
The existing surface irrigation system is converted to a low pressure center pivot. Corners are converted to non-irrigated cropland. The pivot is 1300 feet in length with pressure regulators and low pressure sprinklers on drops. 120 acres are irrigated by the sprinkler system. The new irrigation system has a coefficient of uniformity above 85%. Irrigation water is efficiently and uniformly applied to maintain adequate soil water for the desired level of plant growth. Deep percolation and field runoff is eliminated and there are no excess nutrients, salts or pathogens delivered to the receiving waters. Irrigation induced runoff is eliminated. This center pivot scenario includes all hardware from the pivot point, including the concrete pad the pivot is placed on.


Scenario_Description:
Installation of a low pressure center pivot system. Irrigation water quality is such that normal galvanized steel will deteriorate before meeting the life expectancy of this practice. Resource concerns include: Soil Erosion (Concentrated flow erosion e.g. irrigation induced), Insufficient Water (Inefficient use of irrigation water), Water Quality Degradation (Excess nutrients in surface and ground waters, Excessive salts in surface and ground waters, Excess pathogens and chemicals from manure, bio-solids or compost applications). Associated Practices: Irrigation Pipeline (430), Pumping Plant (533), Irrigation Water Management (449)


Scenario_Description:
Installation of a linear or lateral move sprinkler system with sprinklers on drops with or without drag hoses to improve irrigation efficiency and reduce soil erosion. Resource concerns include: Soil Erosion (Concentrated flow erosion e.g. irrigation induced), Insufficient Water (Inefficient use of irrigation water), Water Quality Degradation (Excess nutrients in surface and ground waters, Excessive salts in surface and ground waters, Excess pathogens and chemicals from manure, bio-solids or compost applications), Inefficient Energy Use (Equipment and facilities e.g. pumping) Associated Practices: Irrigation Pipeline (430), Pumping Plant (533), Irrigation Water Management (449) Payment rate is figured per foot of installed hardware length.

Before:
A 76 acre field is flood irrigated. Application of irrigation water is inefficient and non-uniform. Irrigation water is typically over applied in some parts of the field, and under applied in others. Deep percolation from the excess irrigation delivers excess nutrients salts, and chemicals to the ground water. Runoff from the field contains excess nutrients and degrades the receiving waters. Irrigated induced erosion is excessive.

After:
A typical unit is approximately 76 acres in size with the sprinkler system up to 1280 feet in length with drop tubes that have a minimum of 30" spacing. The new irrigation system has a coefficient of uniformity above 85%. Irrigation water is efficiently and uniformly applied to maintain adequate soil water for the desired level of plant growth. Deep percolation and field runoff is eliminated and there are no excess nutrients, salts or pathogens delivered to the receiving waters. Irrigation induced runoff is eliminated.


